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Forex İşlemlerinde kişiye özel çözüm.
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BİR ANADOLU YATIRIM A. Ş. HİZMETİDİR.
Burada yer alan Importante tarafımızca doğruluğu ve güvenilirliği Cabul edilmiş kaynaklar kullanılarak hazırlanmış olup yatırımcılara kendi oluşturacakları Yatırım kararlarında yardımcı olmayı hedeflemekte ve herhangi bir Yatırım aracını alma veya satma yönünde yatırımcıların kararlarını etkilemeyi amaçlamamaktadır. Yatırımcıların verecekleri yatırım kararları ile bu raporda bulunan görüş, bilgi ve veriler arasında bir bağlantı kurulamayacağı gibi, söz konusu kararların neticesinde oluşabilecek yanlışlık veya zararlardan Anadolubank A. Ş. ve Anadolu Yatırım Menkul Kıymetler A. Ş.'nin herhangi bir sorumluluğu bulunmamaktadır. Burada yer alan yatırım bilgi, yorum ve tavsiyeleri yatırım danışmanlığı kapsamında değildir. Yatırım danışmanlığı hizmeti; Aracı kurumlar, portföy yönetim şirketleri, mevduat kabul et meyen bankalar ile müşteri arasında imzalanacak yatırım danışmanlığı sözleşmesi çerçevesinde sunulmaktadır. Burada yer alan yorum ve tavsiyeler, yorum ve tavsiyede bulunanların kişisel görüşlerine dayanmaktadır. Bu görüşler mali durumunuz ile risk ve getiri tercihlerinize uygun olmayabilir. Bu nedenle, sadece burada yer alan bilgilere dayanılarak yatırım kararı verilmesi beklentilerinize uygun sonuçlar doğurmayabilir.
Swaption (Swap Option)
O que é 'Swaption (Swap Option)'
Um swaption (opção de swap) é a opção para entrar em um swap de taxa de juros ou algum outro tipo de swap. Em troca de uma opção premium, o comprador ganha o direito, mas não a obrigação de celebrar um contrato de swap especificado com o emissor em uma data futura especificada.
BREAKING Down 'Swaption (Swap Option)'
Existem dois tipos diferentes de swaptions: uma troca de pagador e uma troca de destinatário. Em uma troca de pagador, o comprador tem o direito, mas não a obrigação, de celebrar um contrato de swap quando ele se torna o pagador de taxa fixa e o receptor de taxa flutuante. Uma troca de receptor é o oposto; o comprador tem a opção de entrar em um contrato de swap onde ele receberá a taxa fixa e pagará a taxa flutuante. As trocas são contratos de balcão e não são padronizadas, como opções de capital ou contratos de futuros. Assim, o comprador e o vendedor precisam concordar com o preço do swaption, o tempo até o vencimento do swaption, o valor nocional e as taxas fixas e flutuantes.
Além desses termos, o comprador e o vendedor devem concordar se o estilo de swaption será bermudense, europeu ou americano. Esses nomes de estilo não têm nada a ver com a geografia, mas sim com a forma como o swaption pode ser executado. Com uma troca de Bermudan, o comprador pode exercer a opção e entrar no swap especificado em um determinado conjunto de datas específicas. Com uma troca européia, o comprador só pode exercer a opção e entrar no swap na data de validade da swaption. Com uma troca de estilo americano, o comprador pode exercer a opção e entrar no swap em qualquer dia entre a originação do swap e a data de validade. Uma vez que as trocas são contratos personalizados, também são possíveis termos criativos.
O Swaption Market.
As trocas são geralmente utilizadas para proteger posições de opções em títulos, para auxiliar na reestruturação de posições atuais de outros swaps, com notas estruturadas e para alterar todo o perfil agregado de participação de uma carteira ou empresa. Devido à natureza em que as trocas são usadas, os participantes do mercado são tipicamente grandes instituições financeiras, bancos e fundos de hedge. As grandes corporações também participam do mercado para ajudar a gerenciar o risco de taxa de juros. Os contratos são oferecidos na maioria das principais moedas do mundo. Os grandes bancos de investimentos e comerciais geralmente são os principais fabricantes de mercado, porque o imenso capital tecnológico e humano necessário para monitorar e manter um portfólio de trocas geralmente está fora do alcance de empresas de menor porte.
Trocar forex nedir
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29 Ekim 2017 Pazar gecesi Avrupa'da kış saati uygulaması nedeniyle.
Swap Oranları Hk.
Piyasa koşullarına göre değişebilecek swap oranlarını (gecelik taşıma maliyetlerini) pozisyonlarınızı taşımadan önce.
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Bilindiği üzere 24 Eylül 2017 Pazar günü Almanya'da hükümet genel seçimleri gerçekleştirilecektir.
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Haftalık Analizler.
Hafta başında, bu hafta piyasada yaşanacak gelişmelerle ilgili bilgiler, siyasi ve ekonomik olayların piyasalara etkileriyle ilgili görüşler, istatistikler, Yorumlar ve analizler IşıkFX'in uzman analistleri tarafından müşterilerimize sunuluyor.
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Dünyanın en tanınmış analiz sağlayıcılarının başında gelen Trading Central Yillara Dayanan Deneyimi ve tamanho başka hiçbir platformun sunamayacağı günde ortalama 10 kez güncellenen kapsamlı analizleriyle IşıkFX müşterilerinin ücretsiz kullanabileceği bir platformdur.
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Dünya piyasalarında hafta içinde yaşanacak tüm gelişmeler, göstergeler, tahminler ve istatistiklere ilişkin bilgilere Ekonomik Takvim bölümümüzden detaylı liste halinde ulaşabilirsiniz.
Hafta boyunca finansal piyasalarda yaşanacak olası hareketlerle ilgili görüşleri, istatistikleri, Yorumları ve analizleri FOREX ANALİZ TV ile canlı canlı izleyebilir, sorularınızı uzmanlarımıza anında iletebilirsiniz.
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Burada yer alan yatırım bilgi, yorum ve tavsiyeleri yatırım danışmanlığı kapsamında değildir. Yatırım danışmanlığı hizmeti, yetkili kuruluşlar tarafından kişilerin risk ve getiri tercihleri dikkate alınarak kişiye özel sunulmaktadır. Burada yer alan yorum ve tavsiyeler ise genel niteliktedir. Bu tavsiyeler mali durumunuz ile risk ve getiri tercihlerinize uygun olmayabilir. Bu nedenle, sadece burada yer alan bilgilere dayanılarak yatırım kararı verilmesi beklentilerinize uygun sonuçlar doğurmayabilir.
Diferença entre hedge de valor justo e hedge de fluxo de caixa.
A primeira coisa que você precisa fazer antes mesmo de começar a jogar com contabilidade de cobertura é determinar o tipo de relacionamento de cobertura que você está lidando.
Porque: o tipo de hedge determina suas entradas contábeis. Não se engane aqui. Se você identificar incorretamente o tipo de hedge, sua contabilidade de cobertura ficará totalmente errada.
Mas aqui está o assunto:
Embora todos os tipos de hedges estejam perfeitamente definidos na IAS 39 / IFRS 9, todos nós lutamos com a compreensão das diferenças e distinguindo um tipo do outro.
Algumas semanas atrás, eu estava dando uma palestra sobre hedge accounting para o grupo de auditores. A maioria deles era gerentes de auditoria e idosos - então não são realmente calouros, mas pessoas experientes e altamente qualificadas.
No entanto, após cerca de 5 ou 10 minutos de falar sobre diferentes tipos de hedges, um gerente de auditoria interrompeu-me com a pergunta:
"Silvia, eu recebo as definições. Eu simplesmente não entendo a diferença. O significado real de uma diferença entre hedge de justo valor e hedge de fluxo de caixa. Parece o mesmo em muitos casos. Você pode lançar alguma luz lá? "
Que tipos de cobertura temos?
Embora eu explique claramente uma contabilidade de cobertura em detalhes no meu Kit IFRS, deixe-me explicar em breve o tipo de hedges que temos:
Cobertura de valor justo; Hedge de fluxo de caixa e hedge de um investimento líquido em uma operação no exterior - mas não vamos lidar com este aqui, pois é quase a mesma mecânica que um hedge de fluxo de caixa.
Primeiro, vamos explicar o básico.
O que é um Hedge de valor justo?
O hedge de justo valor é uma cobertura da exposição a variações no valor justo de um ativo ou passivo reconhecido ou compromisso firme não reconhecido, ou um componente de tal item, que é atribuível a um risco particular e pode afetar o lucro ou a perda.
Essa é a definição no IFRS 9 e IAS 39.
Então, aqui, você tem algum "item fixo" e está preocupado que seu valor flutuará com o mercado. Eu voltarei para isso mais tarde.
Como contabilizar uma cobertura de valor justo?
OK, não vamos entrar em detalhes e vamos apenas assumir que sua cobertura de valor justo atende a todos os critérios para a contabilidade de hedge.
Nesse caso, você precisa fazer as seguintes etapas:
Determine o valor justo de seu item coberto e instrumento de hedge na data de relato; Passo 2:
Reconheça qualquer alteração no valor justo (ganho ou perda) no instrumento de hedge no resultado (na maioria dos casos).
Você precisa fazer o mesmo na maioria dos casos mesmo se você não aplicar a contabilidade de hedge, porque você precisa medir todos os derivativos (seus instrumentos de hedge) ao valor justo de qualquer maneira. Etapa 3:
Reconheça o ganho ou perda de hedge no item coberto em seu valor contábil.
Para resumir as entradas contábeis para uma cobertura de valor justo:
Nota: P / L = lucro ou perda, FP = demonstração da posição financeira.
O que é um hedge de fluxo de caixa?
O hedge de fluxo de caixa é uma cobertura da exposição à variabilidade nos fluxos de caixa que é atribuível a um risco específico associado a todos ou a um componente de um ativo ou passivo reconhecido ou a uma transação prevista altamente provável e pode afetar o lucro ou a perda.
Novamente, essa é a definição na IAS 39 e IFRS 9.
Aqui, você tem algum "item variável" e está preocupado que você possa obter menos dinheiro ou ter que pagar mais dinheiro no futuro do que agora.
Igualmente, você pode ter uma transação de previsão altamente provável que ainda não tenha sido reconhecida em suas contas.
Como contabilizar uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa?
Supondo que sua cobertura de fluxo de caixa atenda a todos os critérios de contabilidade de cobertura, você precisará fazer as seguintes etapas:
Determine o ganho ou a perda em seu instrumento de hedge e item de hedge na data de relato; Passo 2:
Calcule as partes efetivas e ineficazes do ganho ou perda no instrumento de hedge; Etapa 3:
Reconheça a parte efetiva do ganho ou perda no instrumento de hedge em outros resultados abrangentes (OCI). Este item no OCI será chamado de "reserva de hedge de fluxo de caixa" no OCI. Passo 4:
Reconheça a parte ineficaz do ganho ou perda no instrumento de hedge em lucros ou prejuízos. Passo 5:
Lidar com uma reserva de hedge de fluxo de caixa quando necessário. Você faria este passo, basicamente, quando os fluxos de caixa futuros esperados cobertos afetarem o lucro ou a perda, ou quando ocorrer uma transação de previsão coberta - mas não vamos entrar aqui, pois está tudo coberto pelo Kit IFRS.
Para resumir as entradas contábeis para uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa:
Nota: P / L = lucro ou perda, FP = demonstrativo da posição financeira, OCI = outro resultado abrangente.
Como você pode ver, você nem sequer toca o item coberto aqui e você só lida com o instrumento de hedge. Então, isso é completamente diferente da contabilidade de hedge de valor justo.
Como distinguir Hedge de valor justo e Hedge de fluxo de caixa?
O que eu vou explicar agora é minha própria lógica de analisar esta questão. Não é coberto em nenhum livro.
É assim que vejo a maioria das operações de hedge e esta é uma visão muito simplificada. Mas talvez apresente sua mente ao pensamento lógico sobre hedges.
Por favor, pergunte primeiro:
Que tipo de item estamos protegendo?
Basicamente, você pode proteger um item fixo ou um item variável.
Hedgear um item fixo.
Um item fixo significa que o item tem um valor fixo nas suas contas e pode fornecer ou exigir uma quantia fixa de dinheiro no futuro.
O mesmo se aplica a compromissos firmes não reconhecidos que ainda não estão sentados em suas contas, mas serão no futuro.
E quando se trata de cobertura de itens fixos, você está lidando praticamente com o hedge de valor justo.
Bem, aqui, você está preocupado, que no futuro, você estaria pagando ou recebendo um valor diferente do mercado ou o valor justo será. Então, você não deseja ajustar o valor, você deseja obter ou pagar exatamente em linha com o mercado.
Estou me referindo a "GET" ou "PAY" apenas por causa da simplicidade. Na verdade, você nem precisa obter ou pagar nada no futuro - você está apenas preocupado com o fato de que o item terá um valor contábil diferente em seus livros que é "valor justo".
Exemplo de cobertura de valor justo.
Você emitiu alguns títulos com cupom 2% p. a.
É bom que você sempre saiba o quanto você pagará no futuro.
MAS você está preocupado que, no futuro, a taxa de juros do mercado será muito inferior a 2% e você estará pagando demais (em outras palavras, você poderia obter o empréstimo com juros muito mais baixos no futuro do que você pagará na taxa fixa de 2%).
Portanto, você entra no swap de taxa de juros para receber 2% fixo / pago LIBOR12M + 0,5%. Esta é uma cobertura de valor justo & # 8211; você amarrou o valor justo de seus pagamentos de juros às taxas de mercado.
Hedgear um Item Variável.
Um item variável significa que os fluxos de caixa futuros esperados dessa mudança de item como resultado de determinada exposição de risco, por exemplo, taxas de juros variáveis ou moedas estrangeiras.
Quando se trata de proteger itens variáveis, você está falando praticamente de uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa.
Aqui, você está preocupado que você ganhe ou pague uma quantia diferente de dinheiro em certas moedas no futuro que você receberia agora.
Na verdade, em um hedge de fluxo de caixa, você deseja FIXAR a quantia de dinheiro que você receberá ou pagará # 8211; de modo que este montante seja o mesmo AGORA e NO FUTURO.
Exemplo de cobertura do fluxo de caixa.
Você emitiu alguns títulos com cupom LIBOR 12M + 0,5%.
Isso significa que, no futuro, você pagará juros de acordo com o mercado, porque a LIBOR reflete as condições do mercado.
MAS & # 8211; você não quer pagar em linha com o mercado. Você quer saber o quanto você vai pagar no futuro, pois precisa fazer algum orçamento, etc.
Portanto, você efetua swap de taxa de juros para receber LIBOR 12 M + 0,5% / pagamento 2% fixo. Esta é hedge de fluxo de caixa e # 8211; Você corrigiu seus fluxos de caixa e você sempre pagará 2%.
Para Sumar este tudo acima.
Agora você pode ver que a mesma derivada & # 8211; swap de taxa de juros & # 8211; pode ser um instrumento de hedge em uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa, bem como em uma cobertura de valor justo.
A chave para se diferenciar é o RISCO que você protege. Sempre pergunte a si mesmo, por que você realiza o instrumento de proteção.
Mas não é tão simples como parece, porque existem algumas exceções na IAS 39 e IFRS 9.
Por exemplo, mesmo quando você tem um item fixo, você ainda pode protegê-lo em hedge de fluxo de caixa e protegê-lo contra o risco de moeda estrangeira.
Da mesma forma, você pode proteger uma dívida de taxa variável contra mudanças de valor justo - e essa é a cobertura de valor justo.
Portanto, consulte a tabela a seguir que resume os tipos de hedges de acordo com os riscos e itens cobertos:
Agora, eu gostaria de ouvir de você. Por favor, deixe-me um comentário e deixe-me saber se você lidou com algumas contas de hedge na prática, quais as questões que enfrentou e como você as resolveu. Obrigado!
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196 Comentários.
Obrigado por isso. nós fazemos pagamentos em moeda estrangeira no final do ano, porque nós compramos nos usd. mas são de curto prazo e não os reservamos como hedges. está errado?
Oi Anilla, não, está bem. Hedge accounting é OPCIONAL, não é obrigatório. Então, se você preferir mantê-lo simples, é bom revalorizar seus contatos para o valor justo e isso é. Principalmente quando os avançados expiram em curto prazo. S.
Olá silvia, a postagem da parte ineficaz é uma figura de equilíbrio? oomesh de maurício.
Oi, Oomesh, sim, basicamente, é. O ganho ou perda de mudança na FV do instrumento de hedge = parcela efetiva (para OCI) + parcela ineficaz (para P / L). Cuidar! S.
Só queria perguntar qual é a diferença específica na contabilidade de hedge entre hedge de fluxo de caixa e Hedge de valor justo.
Mayur, revise as 2 tabelas acima, onde você pode ver as tabelas com entradas de diário para ambas as sebes. Mas a principal diferença é que, no hedge de FC, você não toca o item coberto e você revaleste apenas o instrumento de hedge +, você precisa dividir o ganho / perda para uma parcela efetiva e ineficaz + efetiva vai para OCI e ineficaz para P / EU.
No hedge FV, você revaloriza o instrumento de hedge e o item coberto e, se o hedge for efetivo, você adiciona ganho / perda de ambos os elementos para P / L.
m c. a finalista, achando bastante difícil aprender sobre como os derivados e o trabalho de cobertura e sobre a sua definição e os tratamentos contabilísticos à luz dos ifrs. Por favor, ajude-me se você tiver fácil de entender material fácil em tópicos mencionados.
Sim, tenho um material fácil de entender sobre hedging, no entanto, ele está incluído no IFRS Kit ifrsbox / ifrs-kit.
neste caso, com contratos a curto prazo classificados como hedge CF o que serão as entradas contábeis? Eu vou para um acordo de avanço por 21 dias para comprar um montante fixo de USD (moeda funcional é RSD) para pagar a aquisição de um EPI (eu sei o valor exato desse pedido). Como posso registrar a perda calculada para este contrato como sendo a diferença entre a taxa spot e a taxa de câmbio real na data de liquidação? Muito Obrigado.
oi Silvia, então, eu fiz a P2 em 2018 em bastante esquecido alguns bits, obrigado mais uma vez. Este é um IFRS muito desafiador! CUMPRIMENTOS . OOMESH.
Obrigado Sylvia. . Assunto difícil, bem explicado.
Muito obrigado, Silvia. Quando você vai nos levar pela Hedge do investimento líquido em uma operação no estrangeiro dessa maneira?
Oi James, bem, eu não queria cobri-lo aqui, porque uma vez que você vê esse tipo de hedge, você pode identificá-lo claramente. Não há dúvidas sobre o tipo de hedge 🙂 Mas eu não farei isso. O fato é que muitas pessoas não estão interessadas neste tópico, porque esse tipo de hedge é levado principalmente por empresas ou corporações maiores e algum especialista em IFRS resolve para eles 🙂 S.
Por favor, explique o significado de uma parte eficaz e ineficaz, pois não consigo entender.
Eficácia é a medida em que o instrumento de hedge com sucesso cobriu a flutuação no item coberto.
Tenha uma dúvida a seguir.
Se a empresa emitiu uma taxa de juro de taxa de juro fixa em moeda estrangeira e para cobrir risco de moeda e risco de taxa de juros, ela realizou swap de taxa de juros em moeda cruzada do que esse hedge pode ser qualificado para hedge de valor justo (para movimentos de taxa de juros) e hedge de fluxo de caixa para movimentos de moeda cruzada).
Se sim, esta cobertura será sujeita ao tratamento contábil de hedge de fluxo de caixa para movimentos de moeda e tratamento contábil de hedge de justo valor para movimentos de taxa de juros.
Olá, Mayur, esta é uma questão excelente e interessante.
A resposta depende da construção do relacionamento de cobertura, mas para torná-lo curto: o que você descreveu é totalmente acessível. Se o seu CCIRS (swap de taxa de juros em moeda cruzada) for construído de forma a que o elemento de risco cambial seja separável do elemento de risco de taxa de juros e se esses dois elementos puderem ser separados e mensurados separadamente também para sua taxa fixa de taxa de juros, você pode faça. Você só precisa designá-lo em sua estratégia de hedge dessa forma.
Eu vi que o CCIRS pode ser usado em vários tipos de hedges, por exemplo, hedge de fluxo de caixa puro (se o swap for corrigido para fixo, apenas em uma moeda diferente), também hedge FV puro (fixo para flutuante). Pela maneira, se você deseja manter sua vida mais fácil, você pode designar seu hedge como CF ou FV somente, dependendo do tipo e condições do CCIRS. Tenha um bom dia! S.
Obrigado Silvia pelas explicações acima, tenho uma pergunta, podemos ter uma cobertura de valor justo contra uma taxa fixa classificada no custo amortizado & # 8221; para proteger o risco da taxa de juros?
Sim você pode. Nesse caso, qualquer ajuste de hedge é amortizado em lucros ou prejuízos com base em uma taxa de juros efetiva recalculada & # 8211; então não imediatamente para P / L. S.
quando os ajustes de valor justo são amortizados para p / l, isn & # 8217; t ainda o problema de que as demonstrações financeiras não representam o efeito da gestão de risco de uma entidade? (quando apenas o volume amortizado é reconhecido em p / l por um período?)
Agradecemos antecipadamente e cordiais cumprimentos, Janni.
Eu não penso assim. Quando você mantém um ativo na FVTPL, então você colocou toda a diferença com a reavaliação em P / L de uma só vez, você NÃO "amortiza" e # 8221; ao longo do tempo. S.
Muito obrigado Silvia,
O Banco A (Subsidiária) em 2006 começou a usar Swaps de Taxas de Juros - O Banco A paga a reparação e.
recebe taxas de juros variáveis do Banco B (Pais). O objetivo principal desses instrumentos é mitigar o risco de taxa de juros associado ao empréstimo de taxa fixa (diferença entre empréstimos - depostos)
Por dois anos (2006 e 2007), o Banco A reconhecido na Demonstração de Resultados: Despesas no SWS do IRS e Renda do SWAP.
Em 2008, o Banco A reconheceu instrumentos financeiros derivativos negativos de valor justo através de resultados.
Por favor, você pode ajudar em questão abaixo:
• De acordo com a IFRS é permitida Subsidiária usar Swaps de Taxas de Juros com o Pais (Parte Relacionada)
• É correto reconhecer os instrumentos financeiros derivativos negativos de valor justo por meio do resultado.
• Você pode ajudar a calcular o valor justo para Swaps de taxa de juros.
Muito obrigado,
OK, deixe-me ir diretamente às suas perguntas:
1) Sim, o IRS pode ser organizado entre 2 partes relacionadas. Mas, neste caso, você precisa fazer divulgações apropriadas e também, você precisa ter cuidado porque o IRS entre partes relacionadas não está necessariamente organizado em condições de mercado (= valores justos) e, como resultado, você precisará fazer o ajuste apropriado para trazê-lo ao valor justo. Talvez não seja o seu caso.
2) É claro. É oficialmente designado e tratado como hedge de fluxo de caixa? Porque se não, então você não tem outra opção senão reconhecer todos os ganhos ou perdas de derivativos em lucros ou prejuízos.
3) Este é um tópico muito mais complexo. Cobri-lo no meu Kit de IFRS onde mostro como calcular o valor justo do swap de taxa de juros simples de baunilha (mesma moeda, fixada para flutuante). No entanto, o cálculo do valor justo do IRS & # 8217; depende de COMO exatamente é construído e pode exigir modelagem complexa.
Tenha um bom dia!
Muito obrigado Silvia,
Só para esclarecer,
Como o Banco A classifica o tipo de cobertura neste cenário?
(O Banco A (Subsidiário) usa Swaps de Taxas de Juros - O Banco A paga a reparação e.
recebe taxas de juros variáveis do Banco B (Pais).)
Hedge de fluxo de caixa ou.
Cobertura de valor justo.
Agradeço sinceramente o tempo que você gastou no meu problema.
Esse seria um hedge de fluxo de caixa para o banco A. Se o swap for oposto (A paga flutuante, recebe fixo), então é uma cobertura de valor justo. S.
Wrt sua resposta para o Visar, não será uma cobertura FV se o Banco A estiver pagando fixo de acordo com seus exemplos iniciais, pois o Swap é o instrumento de hedge neste caso.
Sim, Amit, é o que escrevi acima.
Desculpe, mas acho que não fiz minha pergunta corretamente antes. Se o banco A estiver pagando fixo, isso significa que ele possui um passivo de taxa variável que é hedging. Assim, de acordo com o exemplo dado sob o hedge CF acima, isso deve ser qualificado de acordo com o hedge CF para o Banco A.
Oi Amit, minha cabeça gira agora 😀
Você vê, geralmente não é tão fácil perceber o risco que nós estamos protegendo.
Item estruturado = empréstimo de taxa variável.
Instrumento de cobertura = IRS com pagamento fixo, receber variável => então pagar variável receber variável cancelar, portanto, nós ficamos com pagamento fixo. O que é o hedge CF, pois estamos corrigindo o valor do dinheiro a pagar. Espero que esteja claro agora 🙂
Muito obrigado Silvia,
Você pode me dizer quantos tipos de riscos existem para o qual a cobertura pode ser feita. Como por mim, existem quatro riscos & # 8211; risco de preço de mercado, risco de taxa de juros, risco de crédito e risco cambial.
Na minha opinião, a cobertura de Risco de FX, Risco de Taxa de Juros e Risco de Crédito (limitado) pode ser feita mediante hedge. Outros componentes do Risco de Mercado devido a cenários macroeconômicos podem ser gerenciados pela diversificação.
Um artigo muito útil e obrigado por explicar uma área tão complexa de uma maneira muito simples.
Eu entendo que, quando uma empresa é responsável pela contabilidade de hedge de valor justo, eles tomam o privilégio contábil no item coberto ao contrário de um hedge de fluxo de caixa, onde o mesmo é tomado no instrumento de hedge.
Eu tenho algumas perguntas;
1. Um hedge de justo valor pode ser aplicado aos títulos disponíveis para venda? Se sim, então, nós levamos as mudanças de FV para P / L em vez de OCI?
2. Quando eu estou entrando em um hedge de FV para uma dívida de taxa fixa (conforme mencionado em seu exemplo), eu entendo que fazemos uma avaliação justa do componente de juros da dívida (uma vez que a FV da dívida também pode incluir outros fatores variáveis como o crédito risco, risco de liquidez, etc.). Nesse caso, divide o componente FV e mostre-os separadamente do contrato de dívida do host?
Muito obrigado antecipadamente.
Eu tenho um exame ACCA P2 em dezembro de 2018 e eu estou um pouco confuso com todas essas mudanças ultimamente, então meu q é: qual padrão devemos nos referir ao lidar com instrumentos financeiros em nossos exames, IFRS 9 ou IAS 39?
Agradeço antecipadamente.
Oi Nena, não se preocupe com isso, você será informado sobre a questão de usar. Caso contrário, e o tratamento contábil no IAS 39 é diferente do IFRS 9, então simplesmente faça sua escolha e não esqueça de escrevê-lo claramente em sua resposta. Lembre-se de que os examinadores ACCA dão marcas para indicar o óbvio, então faça isso 🙂 S.
Obrigado silvia, o tópico é explicado de forma perfeita. Foi muito útil e interessante.
Silvia. Estou fazendo um trabalho de faculdade. Em notas de uma demonstração financeira de uma empresa, eu vi essa declaração.
& # 8220; reserva de cobertura, referimo-se à parcela efetiva da variação líquida acumulada no valor justo das coberturas de fluxo de caixa relacionadas a transações cobertas que ainda não ocorreram & # 8221 ;.
Você pode me dizer o tipo de reserva de cobertura que é isso? Eu acho um pouco confuso. seria muito apreciado se você pudesse me dar uma resposta hoje ou amanhã, já que a minha missão é devida amanhã.
Agradeço antecipadamente.
Bem, quando você conta para coberturas de fluxo de caixa, você calcula a parcela efetiva e ineficaz da mudança de FV em seu instrumento de hedge. A parcela ineficaz é reconhecida em P / L e a parcela efetiva no OCI. Esta parcela efetiva no OCI é então chamada de "reserva de cobertura" # 8221; & # 8211; Espero que seja mais claro. S.
Muito bem, Silvia.
Isso realmente ajudou. você pode me dizer a diferença entre a reserva de cobertura e compartilhar premium & # 8230; Eu sei que é diferente, mas ainda preciso de algum ponto.
Para uma cobertura de valor justo usando um swap de taxa de juros para hedge de títulos corporativos, os valores nocionais do swap e as obrigações devem ser iguais? Os termos do swap e os títulos corporativos devem ser os mesmos?
O IAS 39 / IFRS 9 não indica esse requisito. Os valores nocionais podem ser diferentes, mas, nesse caso, você terá um tempo mais difícil para provar que sua cobertura é efetiva e se qualifica para contabilidade de hedge (como os termos em seu item coberto e os instrumentos de hedge não correspondem). Mas eu não digo que é impossível. S.
Explicações lúcidas para explicar o tratamento de cobertura. Obrigado.
No entanto, não tenho certeza de que tipo de hedge eu classificaria uma moeda em frente para proteger um pagamento para aquisição de um ativo fixo no futuro (a moeda em que o pagamento é feito é diferente da moeda funcional). A compra de ativos fixos é comprometida, portanto, eu poderia chamar esse comprometimento firme não reconhecido (item coberto) e o risco coberto é a moeda estrangeira. Olhando para a sua mesa onde você resumiu os tipos de hedges, parece que podemos usar coberturas Cashflow ou hedges de valor justo, o que parece ser um pouco confuso. Você pode esclarecer isso?
Depende do que você hedge. Por exemplo:
1) Se você sabe que sua máquina custará o valor exato na moeda estrangeira no futuro, e você quer proteger apenas contra movimentos da taxa de câmbio estrangeira, então você pode tratar como cobertura de fluxo de caixa.
2) Se você não tiver certeza do preço futuro da sua máquina e você tem medo do aumento de preço na moeda estrangeira, então é o hedge de justo valor justo.
E há muitas combinações, também. Espero que seja mais claro! S.
Obrigado pelos esclarecimentos. Sim, o preço de compra a pagar é fixado em moeda estrangeira. Uma vez que o valor a pagar é fixado em moeda estrangeira, uma vez que estamos lidando com item fixo, concluí que estamos lidando com o hedge de valor justo. Não deveria ser esse o caso? Estamos falando de exceções aqui? Por favor deixe-me saber.
A coisa com compromissos firmes não reconhecidos é que a IAS 39 permite proteger o risco de moeda estrangeira tanto no valor justo quanto no hedge de fluxo de caixa.
Acima disso, sugeri tratar-lo como hedge de fluxo de caixa, porque no seu caso, o valor a pagar em moeda estrangeira é fixo e # 8211; Isso é verdade, mas, de fato, o valor a pagar em sua própria moeda é variável, pois flutua com as mudanças nas taxas de câmbio. É muito semelhante ao típico a receber ou a pagar.
Mas, como escrevi, a IAS 39 permite que você contabilize o hedge do compromisso firme não reconhecido sob os dois tipos de hedges.
Com razões, você pode explicar se a reserva de cobertura é uma reserva distribuível ou uma reserva não distribuível?
seria muito apreciado se você pudesse me dar uma resposta hoje.
Agradeço antecipadamente.
Não distribuível. Em algum momento no futuro, ele irá reverter em P / L. S.
Obrigado pelos esclarecimentos. Eu entendo isso muito melhor agora. Eu assumo, em tais casos, que não há vantagens em usar um tipo particular de contabilidade de hedge. Se você acha que existe uma vantagem na utilização de um tipo particular de contabilidade de cobertura, você pode explicar com os motivos.
Nós somos um país europeu (EUR) e temos um contrato no Oriente Médio (AED) para os próximos 5 anos (longo prazo), então nosso risco é um risco de moeda estrangeira, portanto, devemos fazer uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa melhor do que justo valour hedge?
Existem algumas # 8220; pistas # 8221; para identificar a escolha (hedge FV ou hedge FC) neste tipo de situações? Por exemplo:
- & gt; Contratos & gt; 1 ano ou.
Você recomenda trabalhar com hedge btter CF do que o hedge FV & # 8230;
Como determinar a parcela efetiva e ineficaz do hedge de fluxo de caixa.
Eu tenho a mesma pergunta.
OK, deixe-me responder, embora não seja realmente um tópico a abordar em 1 comentário:
Você simplesmente precisa comparar a mudança na FV do seu item coberto e a mudança na FV do seu instrumento de hedge (em hedges CF).
Vamos dizer que a mudança no FV do instrumento de hedge é de +100 e a mudança no FV do item coberto é de -90. Isso significa que essa cobertura não é perfeitamente efetiva (nesse caso, a variação na FV do instrumento de hedge seria de 90 e haveria 100% de compensação). No entanto, a porcentagem de compensação é 111% (100/90), o que é muito efetivo.
Agora, a parte efetiva da mudança no FV do instrumento de hedge é então de 90, ea parte ineficaz é de 10 (100-90).
É claro, pessoal? 😉
Muito obrigado, Silvia, realmente aprecio. Eu acho que está mais claro agora. But what if it was the other way round? Change in FV of Hedging instrument was +90, and change in FV of Hedge item was -100.. Then what will we do?
Thanks again for your help 🙂
above, I described “over-hedge”. Here, you described “under-hedge”.
In CF hedges, if there’s under-hedge, then there’s no ineffective portion and you should take all the change in FV of hedging instrument to OCI.
If there’s over-hedge in CF hedge, then you split change in FV of hedging instrument to effective and ineffective portion just as I described above.
Hope it’s clearer now. S.
Very helpful article and thanks for explaining such a complex area in a very simple manner. It would be great if you can clear my dobut. I had asked this before and guess it was missed.
I understand that when a company goes for fair value hedge accounting, they take the accounting priviledge on the hedged item unlike a cash flow hedge where the same is taken on the hedging instrument.
I have couple of questions;
1. Can a fair value hedge be applied to Available for Sale securities? If yes then do we take the FV changes to P/L instead of OCI?
2. When I am entering into a FV hedge for a fixed rate debt (as mentioned in your example), I understand we do a fair valuation of the interest component for the debt (since FV of debt might also include other variable factors like credit risk, liquidity risk etc). In such case do I split the FV component and show them separately from the host debt contract?
Muito obrigado antecipadamente.
Hi Silvia, thanks for being helpful and so clear! In the case of a variable rate bond, why would a fair value hedge be needed? Since by its very nature, a variable rate bond would be at fair value.
Would appreciate your insights on this…
We’re an importer of raw materials and pay the same in USD. We use FOB Shipping point terms. To hedge against the volatility of Forex we entered into a Forward contract to ensure that we already have a fixed amount of local currency equivalent to pay for the obligation. How should be clasifty this transaction? What are our proposed entries to record this transaction? Should we recognize the RM at the forward rate amount or the FOB date forex.
Thanks in advance and hope you can help us.
Hi Silvia. Your explanation is great. However, there’s one thing I’d like to ask. If the an entity’s commitment fixed only the quantity and date of the purchase while the price is fixed on a certain benchmark, is it still considered as firm commitment and should apply fair value hedge?
I have a question regarding the hedge relationships, from a banks perspective,
lets say a bank provides a interest rate gurantee on a mortgage for a period of 6 months. To reduce the risk that the bank is exposed to, the bank begins to economically hedge the risk via derivatives.
Based on this information – would this be a fair value hedge relationship? the hedge item is the fixed interest rate? or would the hedge item be the potential variable interest rate to be received when the customer funds their mortgage?
For me it seems like it is a fair value hedge, meaning that the hedged item is a “fixed-rate” interest rate.
What about commodity price hedge this i suppose also can be either cash flow or fair value hedge. In this case the FV of the hedged instrument will be the unrealised gain or loss as per the broker statement but what about the gain or loss of the hedged item? Will this be the same?
Eg customer wants to buy aluminium for USD 2K on 7th Jan and so supplier hedged the same quantity of aluminium at USD 2K on same date on 7th Jan. Broker statement will be USD 10 loss, so will this also represent the gain or loss on the hedged item and hence no entry will be passed? Thanx in advance.
it really depends on the type of the hedge.
If you have a fair value hedge, then you book both FV gain/loss on hedging instrument and FV loss/gain on hedged item.
In a cash flow hedge, you need to measure effective/ineffective portion of the loss/gain on hedging instrument and if the hedge is still effective, you book ineffective part in P/L and effective part in OCI.
If I understand it correctly, the supplier holds aluminium for its client and contract’s price is fixed, so is supplier hedging the fair value of its inventories of aluminium? If yes, then it’s FV hedge.
i found some materials that the change in fair value of hedge instrument was discounted. i. e. discount period from closing date till settlement date.
my question is: when and/or what type of hedge do we use discounting the changes of FV?
obrigado. would be very helpful.
Awesome explanation – Muito obrigado. Wonder if the predictability of the expected future cash flow is a required for the hedge accounting at inception. Say I am buying Foreign inventory payable in their currency and then If I as a practice keep taking different maturities of hedges to settle that due. My question is only after i purchase that inventory should I take that hedge can I use the hedge accounting or is it just the predictability of the forecasted purchase to offset my currency exposure (variable here). I am assuming that this is cash flow hedge.
Obrigado & # 8211; I stumbled upon your resource – its brilliant.
You can hedge highly probable forecast transactions – this would be your case. You don’t have to purchase the inventory in order to hedge, but the transaction must be highly probable. And yes, that would be a cash flow hedge.
Hi Silvia. In relation to an investment in a foreign currency, does the hedge term have to meet the expected life of the investment. If so, what would occur if you cannot get a hedge to match the expected life of the asset, or if there was no defined term for the life of the asset, eg if you were buying property.
Hi Tony, not necessarily. If you can demonstrate that the hedge will still be effective and meets its objective, then OK. But in this case, it is very probable that there will be some ineffectiveness in the hedge, caused by different “maturity periods” of hedging instrument and hedged item. S.
Nice reading about Hedge Accounting, please help me to have better understanding, i want to ask you that:
1.how to calculate hedge effectiveness at the first cut off reporting period, because we just start to calculate the fair value and there is no changes in fair value movement?
2.how to calculate the ineffective portion? For example when the calculation set at 130%,is it only the portion amount of 130%-120% will be charge at Profit and Loss?
3.for fair value hedge at the perfectly match of Hedge Items versus Hedge Instruments, is it always perfectly offsetting in Profit and Loss between changes in Fair value of Hedge Instruments and Hedge Items?
4.in a very fluctuative exchange rate conditions, our company set several CCIRS transactions where our Hedge items is bank loan, the main problem is that our on balance sheet hedge items revaluated at each reporting period and then the net settlement from CCIRS also resulting a foreign exchange exposure due to different between book rate compare to spot rate when we receive or pay the CCIRS, is it my accounting treatment is not proper?
5. For a perfectly match condition of Hedge Items versus Hedge Instruments, can we only applied for critical match method for hedge accounting?
I would like to thanks in advance for your favourable reply.
Needed a clarification:-
In case a Co whose reporting currency is INR & has fx risk on account of export receivables in USD, has a fixed rate debt issued in INR in its books.
The Co intends to swap this INR debt with a CCIRS where it receives fixed rate INR Interest & pays floating libor USD. On the final prinicipal exchange it receives INR & pays USD.
Through this the Co intends to naturally offset USD payment against its forecast receivables in USD.
Can this CCIRS be put into a cash flow hedge against highly probable forecast exports? The following issues may arise:-
1)Through the swap I am converting a fixed liability into floating which will require fair value hedge accounting.
2) The risk being hedged is fx risk for forecast trnsaction which will require cash flow hedge accounting.
3) At the time of taking the swap, the INR debt in the books has no risk involved.
Your guidance on the same would be appreciated.
Thanks So Much Silvia. This Is “Hedge Accounting Made Easy”.
Please i really néed to get your IFRS KITS, but i need You to confirm to me the pricé and the last edition.
Specifically, does the newest édition of the IFRS KIT covers the completed version of IFRS 9- Financial Instruments.(i. e Released July 2018).
Please i need a response as urgent as possible.
Hi Oluwaseun, I’ve just responded by e-mail, but to answer: YES, the IFRS Kit does include the newest version of IFRS 9. S.
i want to know about use of cash flow at risk in intelligence hedging decision? can u help me plz.
Hi Silvia, thanks for such great explanation. I have been reading IAS 39, IFRS 7 and 9 and I still did not had an clear understanding between Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedge. I knew that I have to identify the risk, the hedge item, hedge instrument, strategy, economic relationship, effective and inefective portion and many other issues.
I work in treasury and am responsible for the follow up of financial instruments and their accounting/financial treatment. My industry is Coffee, a well known Commodity. So I will make up the context to you.
Hedge item: Arabica Coffee inventory bought at a fixed price.
Hedge instrument: Arabica Coffee Futures Contracts traded in Intercontinental Exchange (ICE, NY).
Economic relationship: the item is arabica coffee and the instrument is Arabica coffee futures. So the economic principle is very clear for me.
Strategy: Short Hedging for selling commodities.
Risk: possible decline price.
Action: when we buy the coffee in the cash market, we hedge the inventory doing the oposite in the futures market (Sell) and buying futures later (buy) when is time to sell.
We do not have risk on the buying side of coffee in cash market since, we buy on spot price always. We never buy on a forward or time in advance later. In the same day we make a purchase contract of coffee(1 lot 375 bags of 46 kg), we fix a buying price, and that is the entry price for us to enter the futures market and start the Short hedge by selling (1 lot 375 bags of 46kg) futures Arabica coffee contracts in the futures market. Giving us a short position on the futures market, and long position on the cash market.
Now, on the sell side, we do make forward contracts to deliver an exact amount of coffee (e. g. 5 lots) at an exact quality(High Grown European Preparation HG EP), exact time (shipment on May N15 July expiration month), and exact place (Port FOB). But we do not fix a price, so we call these forward contracts Price to be fix (PTBF).
Now, that I have explain you the context, I will get you to the big deal I have.
Our company is implementing IFRS Full for the first time on FY14. Our Auditors are Deloitte. On the previous year we have been using Local GAAP. (Which does not even know or recognize financial instruments accounting treatment other than ordinary Assets and Liabilities.
We have these Derivaties (Financial Instruments) and we use them as hedging instruments, both item and instrument are well defined as I have mentioned before. Now let´s try to find out if the hedge item is a Fix or Variable item.
You mentioned that inventories are Fix item. That is ok for inventories of items that are not listed on Exchanges. For example, cars, iPads, beds, shoes, etc. But for coffee, we have an active market (Level 1). The information of these prices are available for everyone and they are a common ordinary item. Nonetheless, commodity prices are very volatile, and prices can vary more than 100% in less than one year.
We can say we have a fix item on the buy side, but as I mentioned before we do not make commitments to buy on forward prices just spot prices. And we sell on PTBF that means our value of our sales are unknown, and so are the cash flows related to the income of our physical inventory of coffee.
My boss financial controller says that the inventories are an asset an therefore should be treated as a fair value hedge. The auditos initially wanted to treat the inventory with IAS 2, and Net realizable Value NRV. I do not agree. I have change auditors mind that commodity inventories should not be treated as NRV since the IAS 2 clear states it should be treated as Fair Value. That is ok if the inventories were not hedge. And since we do not like risk, and we want to offset market price risk, we use coffee futures to mitigate that risk.
If we had firm commitments or contracts that represent the sale of our inventory we could treat them as Fair value less cost to sell. But since we do not have a fix price, and we are hedging them, I think, understand and belief they should be treated as a Cash Flow Hedge.
To add more context, we do have the practice of making the mark-to-market valuation approach, which in other words represent fair value of inventories.
As we are hedging the inventory that Is ready for sale but with a PTBF contract, there should be an account that records the variation on fair value of the hedge item (lets call PNL of the inventorie) and should be recorded against a reserve of equity, called (Reserve of PNL of coffee inventory) although they are called PNL that does not mean I am saying the effects should be taken to P/L statement.
On the financial instrument (derivative)[by the way I read commodity contracts are not financial instruments how is that possible or when is it. ] And this should have an impact on its fair value depending on the market price. If prices goes down I will have an unrealized gain, and if prices go higher I will have an unrealized loss, ok? Because the futures market position is Short Hedge.
MY approach is the following.
Any variation of the hedge item and hedge instrument should be taken to :
Price Hedge item Dr. Cr.
Higher Gain Asset (Gain inventorie) Cash flow Reserve (Gain)
Lower Loss Cash Flow Reserve (Loss) Liabilitie (Loss)
Higher Loss OCI (Loss) Liabilitie (Loss)
Lower Gain Asset (Derivatie gain) OCI (Gain)
If the hedge is 100% effective, any ineffectiveness should be taken to Income statement for the FY of the change in price as the date of the FP.
We then arrive to the time to make the sell, and we have a known sell price.
Cash market (offset gain or loss on Cash Flow reserve Equity)
Future market (reclassify gain or loss to income statement when the price is know, and we buy the futures contract we had initially sold. That exit price will be my new fix price for the sale and the PTBF expires so I do not need any hedge since the market price risk have disappeared.
The main reason for these treatment I recall again, is the condition that I have a variable item hedge and not a fix variable hedge (coffee inventory).
Who makes more sense, me or my boss? Or the auditors?
thank you for your comment, and really let me thank you for your trust you placed in me and for posting me this question. However, to answer this question properly, I would need to dedicate more time than I currently can afford. I believe quick response would not give you the quality and diligence that everybody (also you) expect from my work.
Hence I leave it to other readers to go through your questions and tell you their opinion. When I have more time, I may eventually come back to it.
Hope you understand. S.
Hi Silvia, thanks for you explanation, very useful. Assuming a perfect hedge lets say either in the form of a cash flow hedge or fair value hedge. A fair value hedge will have zero FX impact because underlying is at same spot rate as hedge and they both mature at same rate. For cash flow hedges the spot will be taken in advance of the underlying being on your balance sheet so although they mature on the same date the initial value will be different and so FX gain/loss will be recognised. Is that a fair synopsis?
Hi Silvia, also as you mentioned “For example, even when you have a fixed item, you can still hedge it under cash flow hedge and protect it against foreign currency risk.
Equally, you can hedge a variable rate debt against fair value changes – and that’s the fair value hedge.”
In this example you said, we can hedge a variable debt against fair value changes and thats fair value hedge. This is exceptional, right. Can you please explain how are we hedging this?
Hello Silvia. Eu tenho uma pergunta. Is effectiveness or ineffectiveness only calculated in relation to cash flow hedging relationships or is it also applicable to fair value hedging relationship? Obrigado pelo seu tempo.
Every hedge must meet hedge effectiveness criteria in IFRS 9 in order to apply hedge accounting. If these are met, then you can apply hedge accounting, if not – then no hedge accounting.
However, hedge can me effective, but not perfectly effective.
Measuring “how much ineffectiveness” is applicable for cash flow hedge as you recognize ineffective portion in P/L and effective portion in OCI. For fair value hedges, you only need to determine whether your hedge is effective or not, but once your hedge meets effectiveness criteria, you do not measure effective and ineffective portion separately.
What is effective and ineffective portion, Please give a suitable example. |?
please revise the above comments, there’s a mention above. Also, I talk about these issues fully in my IFRS Kit. However, maybe in 1 of my future articles, I’ll bring simple illustration, too. Tenha um bom dia! S.
Iam still very confused when you still talk of IAS 39 yet my tutor told me that it was replaced long time ago by IFRS 9.
it’s just a partial truth. Today, there are 2 valid standards: IAS 39 and IFRS 9 and the companies can make a choice which one to apply. IAS 39 stops being valid after 1 January 2018 only, so from 2018, there will be only IFRS 9.
I also came across this ifrs box nd wow! You’re good at what you do.
Just a quick 1 though, hedge accounting for a basic FV hedge is exactly the same as normal accounting treatment of the hedging instrument and item. Cos I really don’t c the difference between when we apply hedge accounting and when we don’t?
Only difference comes with CF hedges.
Am I right in this!
Bem, na verdade não. FV hedge is a bit different from “normal” accounting treatment. Yes, it’s true, that for hedging instrument, you use some derivative in most cases and its fair value change is recognised in P/L anyway. But for the hedged item no. For example, if you hedge your inventories at FV, then you also recognise a change in FV of your hedge item (inventories), while normally, you keep your inventories at lower of cost or NRV (IAS 2).
Tenha um bom dia!
Crystal clear – obrigado!
What difference does it make whether you designate a fair value hedge or not, as far as I can see the movements in the values of the hedging instrument and the underlying item both go through the P&L irrespective of whether you designate or not.
that’s not true, please refer to my above comment. Some “hedged items” are not revalued through P/L without FV hedge (e. g. inventories). S.
Thank you for a very very useful web site. I would like to kindly ask a question.
What if the hedged item is already recognised receivable which is denominated in Dollar, where functional currency is Euro (FX forward is enterred). The movement in receivables due to FX rate change is already booked on P&L at reporting date. If FV hedge is applied, hedged item (in this case $ denominated receivables) fair value change will be booked twice in P%L (one for usual accounting entry, two for FV hedge accounting)?
if you designate your receivable for FV hedge (but I guess that it’s not what you want to do, because most of the time, you designate it for cash flow hedge really), then you do not book the change twice. As soon as you revalue receivable to the current year-end FX rate, it’s in its fair value, so there’s nothing to be booked within FV hedge. S.
Thank you so much Silvia for your very helpful and quick response.
Then, if you designate FX forward as CFH (assume 100% efficiency), net income will fluctuate until settlement of FX forward as change in fair value of FX forward will be booked to OCI under CFH accounting. And the revaluation of receivable/payable will be booked in P&L (they will not offset each other in the P&L until settlement).
After settlement of FX forward, amount in OCI will be reclassified to P&L and offset with the revaluation gain/loss from receivable/payable. Am I right thinking like that?
If this is the case, why would we want to apply Cash Flow Hedge for recorded assets/liabilities denominated in FX (receivables, payables, etc) which are revalued at period-ends? We can simply apply Economic Hedge (as change in fair value goes to P&L, it will offset with revaluation of hedged item) instead of Hedge Accounting, given that hedge accounting requires upfront documentation and testing?
I wanted to inquire whether I can hedge my Loan payable in USD with my Revenue which I will receive in USD?
Is that possible under IAS 39 and IFRS 9?
Wondering if you could clarify something…
My company have taken out CCIRS in GBP/USD and GBP/JPY.
We revalue these items (at fair value) every period in the STRGL (performing retrospective testing each period) and posting the changes accordingly in STGL. I presume this is correct methodology using IAS39?
How will the accounting change following IFR9 implementation? I presume no retrospective testing will be required and the change in fair value will need to be recognised in OCI?
Many thanks for clarifying.
you haven’t written whether your CCIRS is a designated hedging instrument or it’s just a derivative without any hedging relationship. You mentioned some retrospective testing, however, it’s not clear what you hedge, what the type of the hedge is etc.
If it’s not a part of some hedge, then of course, you’re right and IFRS 9 implementation won’t change it’s treatment.
If it’s a hedging instrument, then there are some differences in relation to testing the effectiveness, but the mechanics of accounting for a hedge itself does not change.
Hi Silvia, thanks for replying to questions like this. I wanted to know if the following is correct. A company has FX denominated loans and entered into forward contracts to cover the interest and principal payments. The accounting treatment: book and carry the loan in functional currency translated at the hedge contract rate/forward rate. The mark-to-market on the hedge contract sits on the balance sheet. When loan and hedge contract matures, the gain/loss on the hedge contract goes to update the Loan Payable account on the balance sheet. Not hitting P&L at all.. rationale is that once forward contract was entered into, this effectively turned the loan into functional currency….does this make sense? I’m used to traditional fair value hedge where remeasurement gain/loss is offset by hedge gain/loss on the P&L.
Hi Silvia, my client currently enter into future commodities contract to ‘short’ (sell) it purchases of commodities on the purchase date of the commodities and at the same time ‘Long’ (buy) the commodities when a sales contract is sign between the seller on the sales contract date. Then follow by the prompt date as dated by the future contract. The client will either settle earlier or at the prompt and make a gain / loss .
For example, purchase 100mts @ $1/mt of zinc on 1/1/2018 , buyer not finalised yet hence short(sell) it by entering into future contract at $1.10/mt and at a later date when a sales contract with customer A to sell zinc at $1.30/mts is signed with a customer on 3/1/2018, the client entered into a long (buy) future contract 100mts of zinc @ $1.20 with the future broker.
Hence the company made a future contract loss of ($1.20 x 100 – $1.10 x 100 = $10).
while in actual purchases and sales, the company made a profit of ($1.30 x 100 – $1 x 100 = $30).
The company will recognised the $10/- as hedging loss and this amount will be recognised directly into PL. The amount due to or due from the future brokers should be recognised into the FP as derivative financial assets / derivative financial liabilties. Is this the right way to account for hedging??
The future contract could also work in the opposite way such as entering in ‘Long’ (buy) future contract in regards to the sales contract signed and subsequently enter into ‘Short’ purchase contract.
The sales and purchases is only recognised when the goods is delivered and onto the FP and PL.
This should be designated as fair value hedge?
Wonder how you explain such complicated topics at ease. really appreciate.
Thanks 🙂 I just don’t like to be “lost in translation” 🙂
Can we get cash flow hedge for an interest rate swap agreement to manage 75% the risk of a variable debt. Meaning the notional amount on interest rate agreement is 75% of the value of the debt outstanding at the date interest rate swap agreement. Also can we get cash flow hedge for interest rate swap if the debt agreement was entered into on July 29, 2018 where as the interest date swap agreement was entered into on November 20, 2018. Does few months variance in the commencement matters?
“irrespective of the hedge type, hedge accounting essentially involves measurement of the hedging instrument at fair value, regardless of the accounting method used on the underlying hedged item.”
Is this statement correct?
In banking, we offer fixed rate loans to borrowers and offset the interest rate risk by entering into an interest rate swap or fair value hedge. With the hedge, we pay a fixed rate payment and get a variable rate payment in return. With regards to reporting the change in fair value of the hedging instrument (the loan in this case), does this amount get added to the book balance of the loan or is it reported separately on the Balance Sheet as part of Other Assets. I understand the change in fair value of the hedge is reported as its own item on the Balance Sheet, just not sure if the fair value of the hedging instrument receives the same treatment.
how to Calculate the effective and ineffective portions of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument?
I would like to humbly ask you for your kind help since I have read most of articles here and didnt find the answer. 🙂
If inventory is hedged through FV hedge and the FV increases during the perioid till reporting date, is the value of inventory changed (increased) accordingly? Im just confused by IAS 2 and its “lower of cost or NRV” regra. Does it not apply here?
I will be forever grateful for your reply, this question is kind of preventing me from further understanding of whole hedge accounting.
Thank you1 Have a great day!
How to identify the ineffective portion of a hedging instrument practically. Can you give a short example to clarify the same under IFRS 9.
Good afternoon Silvia!
I have been searching internet for 2 months in a row and still didnt find answer for this:
What lines in P/L statement are affected by the change of the value of hedge item/instrument? Up till now, I have found 3 different ways in different books: to Financial income, operating income and to revenues.
Is it different for each hedging relationship? Or e. g. hedge of fair value of commodity inventory is always affects operating income.
Please help me! <3 My head is going to blow up soon.
it strongly depends on what your hedged item is 🙂 Then the change of fair value goes to the same line as the main expenses related to the hedged item. S.
Hi Silvia, Thanks a lot for the explanation. In our company we have hedged the foreign currency risk with forward contracts. Is this falling under fair value hedge? Can u please explain on this?
in most cases, it’s a cash flow risk when it comes to foreign currencies (e. g. you protect your receivables/payables in foreign currencies). But sometimes, it can be a fair value hedge, too. S.
Hi Silvia, Need a clarification.
We have a long term loan in USD and intend to re pay with the foreign exchange earning in the future. Could please let me know, which one is the hedge item, hedge instrument and the impact on the OCI when the settlement is made. Thanking you.
I think the difference is the certainty of cash flows. In cash flow hedge u r certain to receive or pay and u just protect from variation in that receipt or payment. In fair value hedge, there is no certainty in cash flow yet as the decision to hold or to sell and when to sell are still undecided. Is my logic right?…:)
How do you present cash hedging in the cash flow statements (investment or financing)? Is there a specific lingo I should use to add a line in the cash flow?
am also interested in knowing how to Calculate the effective and ineffective portions of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument?
I replied somewhere above in the comment. Plus, I noted you subscribed to the IFRS Kit – so you’ll find a clear explanation there. S.
In the search of how to write up a significant matter for my client’s new fair value hedge and came to this website.
Have to say, very helpful! Muito obrigado!
And, I have a laugh when reading your “Top 3 Biggest Dilemma with your auditors”
I experienced all of what you mentioned there before. Ri muito!
I am looking for material/subscription covering the following topics/Questions.
1)If I have a bond that is classified under Amortized cost, could I do hedging accounting i. e the bond to be hedged item (with examples)
2)examples for Method of hedge effectiveness calculating.
3)examples for hedging accounting under IFRS 9.
I am looking for material /subscription covering the Hengyang accounting with Examples especially for.
1)the treatment for hedging a bond that is classified under amortized cost (IFRS 9) or held to maturity (IAS 39)
2) examples for IAS 39.
Method of hedge effectiveness calculating.
1)dollar offset method.
2)volatility reduction method.
4)hypothetical derivatives method(for only cash flow)
Or rebalancing under IFRS 9.
Assume a scenario where I agree a fixed price for a defined quantity of crude oil, say USD90 for 10,000bbl of crude. The price of crude in the market is USD30 and I agreed to pay the Buyer USD3.50 for each barrel of crude lifted so as to guarantee the price. How do I treat this type of hedge? In my view this is as good as a cash and carry transaction. Do I need to recognize any gain from this type of forward contract since I have basically agreed to sell the crude at a fixed price?
The difference between Fair value & cash Flow Hedge is explained beautifully. I have one doubt in case of Cash Flow Hedge what will happen to Mark to Market(MTM) gain/Loss of an Investment (Hedged Item). Because as explained earlier, in cash flow hedge we do not touch Hedged Item in accounting??
I enter into a forward to hedge an expenses in future in one year and the invoices will be come in at that point of time.
I recorded it as cash flow hedge. Just when the forward contract is expire but the invoices haven’t come in and it sit under my accrual, is this call ineffective potion? need to charge out to PL?
I wonder i well i would have understood that area of Financial Instruments without your presentation Silvia. Guess what ? It was succinct and simply simplified. Under how to account for a cash flow hedge you clearly stated “As you can see, you don’t even touch the hedged iten hear” Hahahahh…….That was pam. Obrigado e continue.
🙂 I wish everyone would read my stuff so carefully 🙂 S.
Say I’m going to receive $10million GBP as royalty payment from my subsidiary. However, as i’m a US company i would want to hedge this against a variable foreign exchange currency. Does this justifies to be a Cash flow hedge ?
I would say a cash flow hedge. S.
Another question is that, since i have entered into a forward contract (signed and sealed). Do I have to record it down as a transaction (E. g a Receivable) or should it be included in the notes of the financial statements?
Dear Philip, since this is a derivative, it should be recognized in the financial statements at fair value (although initially, the fair value usually comes close to zero). S.
I want to ask from you about Cash Flow Hedge reclassification to earnings.
we are in Travel industry and we sell out tour package to our subsidiary companies in other countries..we have forward contract with bank..
Initially, we recognize gain from hedging in other comprehensive income..
1. can we reclassify the gain from Hedging into earnings again ?
2.When we can make the reclassification.
Hi Silvia, thanks for the explanations. I just get confused on how to account for interest rate swaps with regards to hedging. Bank A is exposed to variable rate payments on their loan liabilities. They enter into a IRS with Bank B to pay fixed and receive variable.
1) This would be a CF hedge right?
2) What would be the difference if we apply hedge accounting and if we do not apply hedge accounting because I can’t see a difference – i. e under hedge accounting, the net amount between what we pay and what we receive will go to P+L (basically the non-effective portion). under normal accounting, we would still affect P+L with the net amount. So how does hedge accounting change this?
2) There are 2 things to take care about:
& # 8211; The interest paid: Sure, what you pay, is a part of the effective interest method and goes in profit or loss. I would say this is what happened in the past.
& # 8211; Interest rate swap itself: You shall recognize the derivative too. This is what will happen in the future (its fair value is calculated as present value of future cash flows). Initially, its fair value is close to zero, but in the subsequent reporting periods, it will have some fair value and you need to account also for fair value change. Here the hedge accounting comes.
If you do not apply a hedge accounting, then the full change in derivative’s fair value goes to profit or loss.
If you do apply a hedge accounting, then only ineffective portion of change in FV goes to profit or loss and the effective portion is recognized in OCI.
Espero que isto ajude. S.
i want to know, in case we have hedged most of the payments which we have to pay to supplier with bank. further to explain, bank first pay to supplier & then we pay to bank after 3 to 6 month of on forward contract rate, so is it necessary to calculate the unrealise gain/loss for loan from bank in foreign currency.
Shipra, I am a little lost in your question. You should calculate any unrealized gain/loss on any loan in foreign currencies stated in your financial statements. On top of that, if you enterred into a derivative (whether for hedge or not), then you should determine its fair value at the end of reporting period and recognize it. S.
I have an interest in the impact of FX movement for reporting purposes.
In most (if not all) of the examples you gave above, they would be deemed to be monetary items. A company that held such items in a foreign subsidiary may consider cashflow or fair value hedges depending on the item.
Would it be fair to say that a company wouldn’t need to worry about FX movements for non-monetary items such as plant and equipment in a foreign subsidiary, as they would be converted to reporting currency at an historic rate?
in fact, when you translate foreign subsidiary’s accounts to a presentation currency for the reporting purposes, then you do NOT use historical rate, but the closing rate. You use historical rate for non-monetary assets only when you translate individual transactions to your functional currency (careful about what you translate: to a presentation currency? to a functional currency?). Of course, when you translate subsidiary’s functional currency accounts to parent’s functional currency (i. e. to a presentation currency), there are many exchange differences and their cumulative effect is recognized in other comprehensive income.
And then, about hedging of non-monetary items – maybe it would be great if you specify further what you have in mind. Do you own some fixed asset and you’d like to hedge its value? Or would you like to hedge investor’s interest in net assets of foreign subsidiary?
If the last is the case, then you can hedge the net assets and apply a cash flow hedge, but only to the foreign exchange differences arising between parent’s functional currency and subsidiary’s functional currency. You can apply cash flow hedge accounting, but only in the consolidated financial statements.
It’s quite a difficult topic and I plan to write some article about it. S.
Obrigada pelo esclarecimento. If we purchase your material will it have examples on effectiveness testing on cash flow hedges as per AASB139.
I have some questions regarding the designation and treatment of cash flow hedge for FX swap (funding swap) under IAS 39.
FX swap is a swap transaction exchange of principals of different currencies at the beginning and at maturity (i. e. convert USD to AUD at the beginning (near leg) and convert AUD to USD at the maturity (far leg)).
Initially, I would raise USD by issuing discounted bill and the USD received would be swapped to AUD to fund an asset. At the maturity, the AUD asset would be converted back to USD by swap for repayment of liabilities.
Between the value date of near leg and maturity date, I would have a USD Liability and a AUD asset in my balance sheet while the far leg of swap would be a derivative asset or liabilities like a forward fx contract.
Because the Asset and Liabilities would be revalued using spot FX rate and the far leg of FX swap would be remeasured based on forward FX rate, the non-parallel shifts of spot rate and swap rate would cause fluctuation of FX Profit. Therefore, I would like to use cash flow hedging to offset such fluctuation. (Namely, designate the discounted bill in USD as hedged item and the far leg of swap as hedging instrument and hedge on forward rate method)
For cash flow designation:
1. Should be hedged item be defined as a “Forecast” transaction or recognised liabilities?
2. Given the liability is a discounted bill, should the value of hedged item equal to the notional value to be paid at the end or the discounted value I received at beginning?
3. By using forward method Cash Flow Hedge, the value of far leg would be all transferred into OCI. Should I recycle the amount of realised FX Profit and Loss of hedged item (asset and liability) out of OCI and return back to P&L during the life of swap? If the answer is yes, which section in IAS 39 would require/allow me to do so?
We hedge our foreign currency receivable on forecasted sales/future sales against the creditors, here hedged item is forecasted sales and hedged instrument is creditor. Please note we dont enter into an any forward contract or future contract.
i. e. any foreign currency receivables in future is hedged against the amount payable to creditors in foreign currency.
We treat this as Cash Flow hedge. This example (we are actually doing this) not covered in any book. Isso é correto?
Hi Please I need clarification. I am having difficult establishing if a transaction I am working on is an hedging relationship.
I am currently reviewing the financials of a company which has an account designated as cashflow hedge reserve.
Now the entity buys raw material from foreign supplier and agrees times of payment which could be in 3 months. So my client sets aside some foreign currency amount in the bank( Eg EURO 15Million for the payment which will be due in say 3 months at an exchange rate of for example NGN250 per Euro on that day. So on the payment date the Euro I5 million is translated at the exchange rate of say NGN 300 per Euro and the exchange difference will now be recognized as cashflow hedge reserve.
My concern is that I am unable to identify a third party in this transaction. No one really bears the loss or reward of the transactions. Seems to me like is mere translation of foreign denominated monetary assets using the spot rate on the balance sheet date as required by IFRS.
Please assist to provide me with guidance on this as I am so confused.
Should we classify a foreign currency denominated fixed rate bond as a fair value hedge or cash flow hedge?
But if I expect it to be effective, I’d rather choose to do fair value?
It would go straight to benefit P&L.
Would like to check with you. If the Company is entered into Cross Currency Swap (applying hedge accounting, cash flow hedge and the hedge is effective). The loan which entered into the swap is different from the functional currency. Understand that the Fair Value of the derivative is taken up in Other Comprehensive Income, how about the spot rate translation of the loan itself? Should recognised in P&L or OCI?
thanks for all the detailed explanations!
I had a question which is more specific to commodity hedges – is the accounting at all affected if there is an asset lien? I am looking at a gas hedge for a power plant.
Also, does the US GAAP differ on this topic?
Hi Silvia, how does one think about hedging inventory that comprises gold jewellery, for example. Would this be a fixed hedge…and consequently, one has to adopt the Fair Value method?
Excelente postagem! Thank you for making it so simple.
Eu tenho duas perguntas:
1. We do cash flow forecast of our foreign currency purchases. Example: we forecast purchase of 10 million EUR of raw material in May. 2017. Functional currency is USD.
If I want to hedge the future purchase with a FX forward contract in order to fix my margins (P/L), is this Cash Flow Hedge?
2. In May 2017 when I purchase this raw material, this 10 million EUR is A/P on my Balance Sheet with 45 days payment term.
I want to fix my A/P in USD so I hedge it with FX forward contract – Is this FV hedge?
Is there a major difference between GAAP and IFRS on hedge accounting?
2) No, it’s a cash flow hedge.
There are some differences, but probably not major. S.
If I take out a forward exchange contract to secure my exchange rate on a forecast transaction (for the purchase of inventory), I can obviously apply cash flow hedging.
However, once I receipt this inventory, I stop applying cash flow hedging. Does the hedge then become a fair value hedge or do I simply now account for this as a derivative instrument. I know the accounting treatment of a derivative and fair value hedge is the same, but want to understand the principle).
I think that by the forward contract, you are hedging the planned cash flows and the receipt of inventories is not an event that would force you to discontinue the hedge accounting. Instead, you keep your hedge accounting until you pay for the inventories and exercise the forward contract. In fact, you are not hedging the inventories themselves, but the payment for these inventories.
Also, let me stress that fair value hedge accounting and the accounting treatment of a derivative are NOT the same. Yes, in both cases, you recognize the fair value change of a derivative in profit or loss, but in the case of fair value hedge, you also recognize the fair value change of the hedged item in profit or loss. S.
Thanks a million for sharing such a fantastic explanation about the differentiation both of these hedge’s type. Please define & explain the followings:
1. Define Effective & Ineffective portion of Gain or Loss on Derivatives;
2. What is the basis, criteria or parameters for splitting of Gain or Loss into Effective & Ineffective portions of Hedging Instruments?
hmmm, this is really a complex question and I think I need to write some article about it. In short: when the change in fair value (FV) of hedging instrument is greater than the change in FV of hedged item, you have an “overhedge”. If it falls within the range of 80-125%, then the effective part is the FV change equals to FV change on hedged item, and ineffective part is the difference between FV change of hedging instrument and FV change on hedged item. It looks very complicated, but it’s not really possible to explain it easily in the comment. And also, it’s only the example of dollar-offset method, applied under IAS 39. S.
Firstly I thank you for replying my question. I made a flow chart presentation according to your comment still found very complicated. I would really appreciate if you write an article on this complex matter with numerical example for better understanding.
may your wish come true. I’lll write something up within 1-2 months. S.
Can you please also explain how to account for cross currency interest rate swaps (CCRIS).
I understand that fixed to fixed CCRIS are fixed interest payments in future and can be treated similar to forward contracts.
But how to account for floating to fixed CCIRS and vice versa and floating to floating CCRIS.
DO we apply hedge accounting these ?
that’s the topic for a separate article itself. Let me just mention that yes, it’s possible to apply hedge accounting to CCIRS, based on what the hedge relationship is. What is your hedged item? What precisely is your hedging instrument – is it the full CCIRS? Or a part of it? Also, can you measure hedge effectiveness somehow?
If you hold your CCIRS outside any hedging relationship, then no, you do not apply hedge accounting, but you should account for all fair value changes of that derivative in profit or loss. S.
The article is very helpful. Thanks for explaining complex topic in a simple way.
I have a doubt ;if I have two types of fixed debt instruments one I have amortised using EIR & the other I havenot amortised. Now I have entered in to fixed rate prinicipal & interest swap in foreign currency, whether the same will be cash flow hedge or fair value hedge ?
it depends on what risk you hedge. You need to specify that precisely. Are you protecting against foreign currency movements? Then it’s a cash flow hedge. Are you protecting against fair value movement (i. e. are you swapping fixed rate to get floating market rate)? Then it’s a fair value hedge. S.
Great article, thanks very much! I think I now am clear about fair value vs cash flow hedges. But now I see people speaking about balance sheet hedging vs cash flow hedging, and then things get muddled again. Is “balance sheet hedging” simply another way of referring to fair value hedging? Muito obrigado!
IFRS do not define the term “balance sheet hedging”, but in most cases it refers to protecting against the risk associated with foreign currency movements, related to your assets or liabilities denominated in foreign currency. In most cases, it’s a cash flow hedge. S.
Thank you for the explanation, Sylvia!
Can you tell me how to account for hedging for a portion of assets classified at Amortised cost.
The hedging insturment is as usual but noit sure how MTM is treated on the balance sheet and the P&L.(IFRS 9)
Sorry, what is MTM?
MTM is Mark to market.
It depends on what you are hedging. Is it the fair value hedge or a cash flow hedge?
Fair value hedge for Securities at Amortised cost(IFRS 9)
Would it be possible to designate a USD denominated loan as the “hedging instrument” to hedge highly probable forecast sales also denominated in USD. As far as I know, the answer is yes, as I am trying to hedge the FX exposure.
Trick here is, this loan has already been designated as the “hedged item” to be able to hedge the interest rate risk with an IRS earlier & the relationship is still ongoing.
Therefore, technically, I am trying to use the same loan as the “hedged item” in my first designation & “hedging instrument” in my second designation. I was wondering if this is a possible scenario.
Appreciated for this great article which helps me a lot to understand for about the topic. As I am a bit confused with the concept of hedge as I think to qualify as hedge the gain/loss on hedging instruments and on hedged items must be opposite (i. e. gain on hedging instrument vs loss on hedged item). Just wondering for a cash flow hedge, whether it is correct to deem the hedge as effective when there are gains on both hedging instrument and hedged items and the effectiveness is within the range of 80-125%, because for cash flow hedge we are just looking to hedge the variability of the cash flows. Many thanks Silvia.
Eu tenho uma pergunta.
Why the Gain/Loss on Fair value hedges booked in P&L, however in case of Cash flow hedges effective goes to OCI and ineffective goes to P&L.
Why this is happening if purpose of both is hedging ?
you forgot to add that at fair value hedge, also the gain/loss on the hedged item is booked (not in cash flow hedge). And it answers your question. It is happening to offset the fluctuations in fair value of the hedged item that are also recognized in P/L. S.
Eu tenho uma pergunta. If an entity is applying hedge accounting on a cash flow hedge and has hedged for sales of say 100,000 units of x commodity and then has forecasted sales of 90,000, are they required to recognised the g/l on the additional 10,000 units (over hedged?) in the P&L as opposed to the OCI?
Agradecimentos e cumprimentos
you should hedge only 90 000 of sales, not 100 000 units. The hedging instrument to hedge additional 10 000 units (that do not exist) should not be accounted for as a hedge accounting, but as a regular derivative. S.
In the example of accounting for fair value hedge given above, no hedge effectiveness testing has been included. Is it not compulsory to test hedge effectiveness for fair value hedges? If so, what could be the logic of keeping it mandatory for only cash flow hedges and not for fair value hedges? As far as I know, under US GAAP, hedge effectiveness testing is done for both fair value and cash flow hedges.
Thank you in advance for the clarification.
you should test the fair value hedge for the effectiveness. If it’s not effective, then under IAS 39 you need to discontinue the hedge accounting and under IFRS 9, you need to rebalance the hedge ration. If it’s effective, you account for it as written in the article – you don’t split the effective and ineffective part though. S.
hello Md. Silvia I watch your video a lot and you are very helpful.
please how come was the Variable-rate assets and liabilities classified under fair value in your text above.
What are the hedges we can use on securities (equities)FVH OR CFH OR BOTH…AND what should be our hedging instruments for this.
In case of fair value hedge, why there is no requirement for a reserve like that in cash flow hedge? Also, Why there is no distinction between effective / in-effective portion of hedge and separate accounting treatment in fair value hedge like that in cash-flow hedge? Request to clarify the logic.
it’s because in FV hedge, you revalue not only hedging instrument, but also a hedged item (this is not the case at CF hedge). Both items are revalued to their fair value, hence there’s no sense to apportion effective/ineffective part. S.
Thanks for explaining such a difficult topic so clearly.
But what happens if the swap is based on two floating interest,
for example: A bank pays 3M LIBOR and receives 1M LIBOR, which type of hedge it will be?
Currency swaps can be both cash flow hedge and fair value hedge.
I am not asking for a currency swap.
It is a basis swap, in which we swap the base on which the floating rates depends.
I have the same query as Neal.
Kindly answer this. TIA 🙂
It depends on what the hedged item is – for me, it’s very unclear from what Neal wrote. S.
Suppose X borrows @3M LIBOR and hedges it by an interest rate swap in which it receives 3M LIBOR and pays 1M LIBOR. So hedged item here is the 3M LIBOR. Is it the cash flow hegde or fair value hedge?
OK, nice but I understood that 🙂 Fine, let me tell you that this basis swap that exchanges one variability for another type of variability does not qualify for neither type of the hedge. So I’m afraid you could not account for a hedge accounting if you just took this type of a derivative. But, if you combine this swap with another derivative, well then, it could be possible to designate this combined item in either fair value hedge or cash flow hedge, depending on the specific circumstances. Cheers!! 🙂
I have been studying theory but still I am not clear with the distinction of the two hedges. I got lost on the cash Flow hedge. What do you mean by effective portion and ineffective portion, Please help.
Thanks for your time and effort in all this.
I feel this ‘fixed’ and ‘variable’ rule does not always work. Like if an entity X has 100 Tons of cotton in its inventory and its enters into futures contract to sell this cotton in 3 months time @ 50$ per Ton. The way I see it that company has converted something variable into fixed, so it is cash flow hedge. Estou certo? And if it is fair value hedge, what am I doing wrong? Obrigado.
Pardon me, Tahir, but what’s the hedging here? I see only 1 contract – that is to sell the inventory in 3 months at fixed price. What’s the hedged item? And also, there’s also the question whether the delivery is physical, because if yes, then you don’t even have a derivative here, but the regular trading contract. S.
Hi Silvia, Entity entered into the contract to guard against the future fluctuations in the price of cotton (so that the value of its inventory does not fall), so inventory is hedged item. And lets assume contract can be net-settled. And thanks a lot.
Hi Silvia, waiting for your guidance.
Hedge of inventory in hand through a forward contract is accounted for as cash flow hedge of fair value hedge? Obrigado pelo seu tempo.
Fair value. In your books, it’s a fixed item.
If fair value hedge accounting requires adjustment of hedge item , particularly when fair value of hedge item increases , does this mean IAS 2 has no application when company uses fair value hedge accounting?
Hi silvia, so my question is :-
what would be the financial impact (if u had to sum it up) if the other comprehensive income/loss arising from cash flow hedges is to be reclassified to profit or loss account in the subsequent period. Hope to hear back soon as its very urgent! Obrigado 🙂
Obrigado pelo excelente artigo. If a hypothetical derivative is used to check effectiveness, should the hedged item still be used to calculate to ineffective portion that goes to P&L?
If it’s a cash flow hedge, yes. The hedge can be effective, but not 100% effective and it means that it will have some ineffective portion.
Great, thanks Silvia. Yes, it is a cashflow hedge. So I’ll check effectiveness using a hypothetical derivative and the hedging instrument. Then I’ll calculate the cumulative change of the hedging instrument and if it is more than the cumulative change of the hedging item, that excess portion is the ineffective portion that will go to P&L. Does this sound correct?
good afternoon, I’m working for an oil and service company and I have the following example:
we got an advance from a client(contract in dollar) in NAIRA equivalent at fix exchange rate. During 2018 NAIRA has been drastically devaluated and the equivalent amount of naira that we are getting from client against the advance is giving us a huge loss on the current year.
is it a sample where a cash flow edge have suppose to be applicable in order to minimize the impact on P&L?
I’m interested on the CVA/DVA impact on the cash flow hedge portion especially on recognizing the accounting entries that should goes to OCI. Would you be able to provide some insight and sample affecting this matter.
So here is my question, Suppose i have taken forward cover against my foreign currency receivable, so is it a cash flow hedge or fair value hedge?
Also if i have taken forward cover for an amount which is more than/less than my foreign currency receivable, then what will be the treatment of excess/short position taken?
Thank you for this useful link on hedge accounting.
I have a question I would like to ask you.
Do you think it is possible to achieve hedge accounting if we forward hedge against forecast debt, i. e. the underlying debt is not yet drawn, but anticipated to be drawn, so there is a risk of being overhedged, could we still achieve hedge accounting?
I saw you double entries for hedge item only for fair value hedge. For effective cashflow hedge, means there is not necessary to retranslate hedge item at closing rate and difference posted to P&L?
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Diferença entre hedge de valor justo e hedge de fluxo de caixa.
A primeira coisa que você precisa fazer antes mesmo de começar a jogar com contabilidade de cobertura é determinar o tipo de relacionamento de cobertura que você está lidando.
Porque: o tipo de hedge determina suas entradas contábeis. Não se engane aqui. Se você identificar incorretamente o tipo de hedge, sua contabilidade de cobertura ficará totalmente errada.
Mas aqui está o assunto:
Embora todos os tipos de hedges estejam perfeitamente definidos na IAS 39 / IFRS 9, todos nós lutamos com a compreensão das diferenças e distinguindo um tipo do outro.
Algumas semanas atrás, eu estava dando uma palestra sobre hedge accounting para o grupo de auditores. A maioria deles era gerentes de auditoria e idosos - então não são realmente calouros, mas pessoas experientes e altamente qualificadas.
No entanto, após cerca de 5 ou 10 minutos de falar sobre diferentes tipos de hedges, um gerente de auditoria interrompeu-me com a pergunta:
"Silvia, eu recebo as definições. Eu simplesmente não entendo a diferença. O significado real de uma diferença entre hedge de justo valor e hedge de fluxo de caixa. Parece o mesmo em muitos casos. Você pode lançar alguma luz lá? "
Que tipos de cobertura temos?
Embora eu explique claramente uma contabilidade de cobertura em detalhes no meu Kit IFRS, deixe-me explicar em breve o tipo de hedges que temos:
Cobertura de valor justo; Hedge de fluxo de caixa e hedge de um investimento líquido em uma operação no exterior - mas não vamos lidar com este aqui, pois é quase a mesma mecânica que um hedge de fluxo de caixa.
Primeiro, vamos explicar o básico.
O que é um Hedge de valor justo?
O hedge de justo valor é uma cobertura da exposição a variações no valor justo de um ativo ou passivo reconhecido ou compromisso firme não reconhecido, ou um componente de tal item, que é atribuível a um risco particular e pode afetar o lucro ou a perda.
Essa é a definição no IFRS 9 e IAS 39.
Então, aqui, você tem algum "item fixo" e está preocupado que seu valor flutuará com o mercado. Eu voltarei para isso mais tarde.
Como contabilizar uma cobertura de valor justo?
OK, não vamos entrar em detalhes e vamos apenas assumir que sua cobertura de valor justo atende a todos os critérios para a contabilidade de hedge.
Nesse caso, você precisa fazer as seguintes etapas:
Determine o valor justo de seu item coberto e instrumento de hedge na data de relato; Passo 2:
Reconheça qualquer alteração no valor justo (ganho ou perda) no instrumento de hedge no resultado (na maioria dos casos).
Você precisa fazer o mesmo na maioria dos casos mesmo se você não aplicar a contabilidade de hedge, porque você precisa medir todos os derivativos (seus instrumentos de hedge) ao valor justo de qualquer maneira. Etapa 3:
Reconheça o ganho ou perda de hedge no item coberto em seu valor contábil.
Para resumir as entradas contábeis para uma cobertura de valor justo:
Nota: P / L = lucro ou perda, FP = demonstração da posição financeira.
O que é um hedge de fluxo de caixa?
O hedge de fluxo de caixa é uma cobertura da exposição à variabilidade nos fluxos de caixa que é atribuível a um risco específico associado a todos ou a um componente de um ativo ou passivo reconhecido ou a uma transação prevista altamente provável e pode afetar o lucro ou a perda.
Novamente, essa é a definição na IAS 39 e IFRS 9.
Aqui, você tem algum "item variável" e está preocupado que você possa obter menos dinheiro ou ter que pagar mais dinheiro no futuro do que agora.
Igualmente, você pode ter uma transação de previsão altamente provável que ainda não tenha sido reconhecida em suas contas.
Como contabilizar uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa?
Supondo que sua cobertura de fluxo de caixa atenda a todos os critérios de contabilidade de cobertura, você precisará fazer as seguintes etapas:
Determine o ganho ou a perda em seu instrumento de hedge e item de hedge na data de relato; Passo 2:
Calcule as partes efetivas e ineficazes do ganho ou perda no instrumento de hedge; Etapa 3:
Reconheça a parte efetiva do ganho ou perda no instrumento de hedge em outros resultados abrangentes (OCI). Este item no OCI será chamado de "reserva de hedge de fluxo de caixa" no OCI. Passo 4:
Reconheça a parte ineficaz do ganho ou perda no instrumento de hedge em lucros ou prejuízos. Passo 5:
Lidar com uma reserva de hedge de fluxo de caixa quando necessário. Você faria este passo, basicamente, quando os fluxos de caixa futuros esperados cobertos afetarem o lucro ou a perda, ou quando ocorrer uma transação de previsão coberta - mas não vamos entrar aqui, pois está tudo coberto pelo Kit IFRS.
Para resumir as entradas contábeis para uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa:
Nota: P / L = lucro ou perda, FP = demonstrativo da posição financeira, OCI = outro resultado abrangente.
Como você pode ver, você nem sequer toca o item coberto aqui e você só lida com o instrumento de hedge. Então, isso é completamente diferente da contabilidade de hedge de valor justo.
Como distinguir Hedge de valor justo e Hedge de fluxo de caixa?
O que eu vou explicar agora é minha própria lógica de analisar esta questão. Não é coberto em nenhum livro.
É assim que vejo a maioria das operações de hedge e esta é uma visão muito simplificada. Mas talvez apresente sua mente ao pensamento lógico sobre hedges.
Por favor, pergunte primeiro:
Que tipo de item estamos protegendo?
Basicamente, você pode proteger um item fixo ou um item variável.
Hedgear um item fixo.
Um item fixo significa que o item tem um valor fixo nas suas contas e pode fornecer ou exigir uma quantia fixa de dinheiro no futuro.
O mesmo se aplica a compromissos firmes não reconhecidos que ainda não estão sentados em suas contas, mas serão no futuro.
E quando se trata de cobertura de itens fixos, você está lidando praticamente com o hedge de valor justo.
Bem, aqui, você está preocupado, que no futuro, você estaria pagando ou recebendo um valor diferente do mercado ou o valor justo será. Então, você não deseja ajustar o valor, você deseja obter ou pagar exatamente em linha com o mercado.
Estou me referindo a "GET" ou "PAY" apenas por causa da simplicidade. Na verdade, você nem precisa obter ou pagar nada no futuro - você está apenas preocupado com o fato de que o item terá um valor contábil diferente em seus livros que é "valor justo".
Exemplo de cobertura de valor justo.
Você emitiu alguns títulos com cupom 2% p. a.
É bom que você sempre saiba o quanto você pagará no futuro.
MAS você está preocupado que, no futuro, a taxa de juros do mercado será muito inferior a 2% e você estará pagando demais (em outras palavras, você poderia obter o empréstimo com juros muito mais baixos no futuro do que você pagará na taxa fixa de 2%).
Portanto, você entra no swap de taxa de juros para receber 2% fixo / pago LIBOR12M + 0,5%. Esta é uma cobertura de valor justo & # 8211; você amarrou o valor justo de seus pagamentos de juros às taxas de mercado.
Hedgear um Item Variável.
Um item variável significa que os fluxos de caixa futuros esperados dessa mudança de item como resultado de determinada exposição de risco, por exemplo, taxas de juros variáveis ou moedas estrangeiras.
Quando se trata de proteger itens variáveis, você está falando praticamente de uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa.
Aqui, você está preocupado que você ganhe ou pague uma quantia diferente de dinheiro em certas moedas no futuro que você receberia agora.
Na verdade, em um hedge de fluxo de caixa, você deseja FIXAR a quantia de dinheiro que você receberá ou pagará # 8211; de modo que este montante seja o mesmo AGORA e NO FUTURO.
Exemplo de cobertura do fluxo de caixa.
Você emitiu alguns títulos com cupom LIBOR 12M + 0,5%.
Isso significa que, no futuro, você pagará juros de acordo com o mercado, porque a LIBOR reflete as condições do mercado.
MAS & # 8211; você não quer pagar em linha com o mercado. Você quer saber o quanto você vai pagar no futuro, pois precisa fazer algum orçamento, etc.
Portanto, você efetua swap de taxa de juros para receber LIBOR 12 M + 0,5% / pagamento 2% fixo. Esta é hedge de fluxo de caixa e # 8211; Você corrigiu seus fluxos de caixa e você sempre pagará 2%.
Para Sumar este tudo acima.
Agora você pode ver que a mesma derivada & # 8211; swap de taxa de juros & # 8211; pode ser um instrumento de hedge em uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa, bem como em uma cobertura de valor justo.
A chave para se diferenciar é o RISCO que você protege. Sempre pergunte a si mesmo, por que você realiza o instrumento de proteção.
Mas não é tão simples como parece, porque existem algumas exceções na IAS 39 e IFRS 9.
Por exemplo, mesmo quando você tem um item fixo, você ainda pode protegê-lo em hedge de fluxo de caixa e protegê-lo contra o risco de moeda estrangeira.
Da mesma forma, você pode proteger uma dívida de taxa variável contra mudanças de valor justo - e essa é a cobertura de valor justo.
Portanto, consulte a tabela a seguir que resume os tipos de hedges de acordo com os riscos e itens cobertos:
Agora, eu gostaria de ouvir de você. Por favor, deixe-me um comentário e deixe-me saber se você lidou com algumas contas de hedge na prática, quais as questões que enfrentou e como você as resolveu. Obrigado!
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196 Comentários.
Obrigado por isso. nós fazemos pagamentos em moeda estrangeira no final do ano, porque nós compramos nos usd. mas são de curto prazo e não os reservamos como hedges. está errado?
Oi Anilla, não, está bem. Hedge accounting é OPCIONAL, não é obrigatório. Então, se você preferir mantê-lo simples, é bom revalorizar seus contatos para o valor justo e isso é. Principalmente quando os avançados expiram em curto prazo. S.
Olá silvia, a postagem da parte ineficaz é uma figura de equilíbrio? oomesh de maurício.
Oi, Oomesh, sim, basicamente, é. O ganho ou perda de mudança na FV do instrumento de hedge = parcela efetiva (para OCI) + parcela ineficaz (para P / L). Cuidar! S.
Só queria perguntar qual é a diferença específica na contabilidade de hedge entre hedge de fluxo de caixa e Hedge de valor justo.
Mayur, revise as 2 tabelas acima, onde você pode ver as tabelas com entradas de diário para ambas as sebes. Mas a principal diferença é que, no hedge de FC, você não toca o item coberto e você revaleste apenas o instrumento de hedge +, você precisa dividir o ganho / perda para uma parcela efetiva e ineficaz + efetiva vai para OCI e ineficaz para P / EU.
No hedge FV, você revaloriza o instrumento de hedge e o item coberto e, se o hedge for efetivo, você adiciona ganho / perda de ambos os elementos para P / L.
m c. a finalista, achando bastante difícil aprender sobre como os derivados e o trabalho de cobertura e sobre a sua definição e os tratamentos contabilísticos à luz dos ifrs. Por favor, ajude-me se você tiver fácil de entender material fácil em tópicos mencionados.
Sim, tenho um material fácil de entender sobre hedging, no entanto, ele está incluído no IFRS Kit ifrsbox / ifrs-kit.
neste caso, com contratos a curto prazo classificados como hedge CF o que serão as entradas contábeis? Eu vou para um acordo de avanço por 21 dias para comprar um montante fixo de USD (moeda funcional é RSD) para pagar a aquisição de um EPI (eu sei o valor exato desse pedido). Como posso registrar a perda calculada para este contrato como sendo a diferença entre a taxa spot e a taxa de câmbio real na data de liquidação? Muito Obrigado.
oi Silvia, então, eu fiz a P2 em 2018 em bastante esquecido alguns bits, obrigado mais uma vez. Este é um IFRS muito desafiador! CUMPRIMENTOS . OOMESH.
Obrigado Sylvia. . Assunto difícil, bem explicado.
Muito obrigado, Silvia. Quando você vai nos levar pela Hedge do investimento líquido em uma operação no estrangeiro dessa maneira?
Oi James, bem, eu não queria cobri-lo aqui, porque uma vez que você vê esse tipo de hedge, você pode identificá-lo claramente. Não há dúvidas sobre o tipo de hedge 🙂 Mas eu não farei isso. O fato é que muitas pessoas não estão interessadas neste tópico, porque esse tipo de hedge é levado principalmente por empresas ou corporações maiores e algum especialista em IFRS resolve para eles 🙂 S.
Por favor, explique o significado de uma parte eficaz e ineficaz, pois não consigo entender.
Eficácia é a medida em que o instrumento de hedge com sucesso cobriu a flutuação no item coberto.
Tenha uma dúvida a seguir.
Se a empresa emitiu uma taxa de juro de taxa de juro fixa em moeda estrangeira e para cobrir risco de moeda e risco de taxa de juros, ela realizou swap de taxa de juros em moeda cruzada do que esse hedge pode ser qualificado para hedge de valor justo (para movimentos de taxa de juros) e hedge de fluxo de caixa para movimentos de moeda cruzada).
Se sim, esta cobertura será sujeita ao tratamento contábil de hedge de fluxo de caixa para movimentos de moeda e tratamento contábil de hedge de justo valor para movimentos de taxa de juros.
Olá, Mayur, esta é uma questão excelente e interessante.
A resposta depende da construção do relacionamento de cobertura, mas para torná-lo curto: o que você descreveu é totalmente acessível. Se o seu CCIRS (swap de taxa de juros em moeda cruzada) for construído de forma a que o elemento de risco cambial seja separável do elemento de risco de taxa de juros e se esses dois elementos puderem ser separados e mensurados separadamente também para sua taxa fixa de taxa de juros, você pode faça. Você só precisa designá-lo em sua estratégia de hedge dessa forma.
Eu vi que o CCIRS pode ser usado em vários tipos de hedges, por exemplo, hedge de fluxo de caixa puro (se o swap for corrigido para fixo, apenas em uma moeda diferente), também hedge FV puro (fixo para flutuante). Pela maneira, se você deseja manter sua vida mais fácil, você pode designar seu hedge como CF ou FV somente, dependendo do tipo e condições do CCIRS. Tenha um bom dia! S.
Obrigado Silvia pelas explicações acima, tenho uma pergunta, podemos ter uma cobertura de valor justo contra uma taxa fixa classificada no custo amortizado & # 8221; para proteger o risco da taxa de juros?
Sim você pode. Nesse caso, qualquer ajuste de hedge é amortizado em lucros ou prejuízos com base em uma taxa de juros efetiva recalculada & # 8211; então não imediatamente para P / L. S.
quando os ajustes de valor justo são amortizados para p / l, isn & # 8217; t ainda o problema de que as demonstrações financeiras não representam o efeito da gestão de risco de uma entidade? (quando apenas o volume amortizado é reconhecido em p / l por um período?)
Agradecemos antecipadamente e cordiais cumprimentos, Janni.
Eu não penso assim. Quando você mantém um ativo na FVTPL, então você colocou toda a diferença com a reavaliação em P / L de uma só vez, você NÃO "amortiza" e # 8221; ao longo do tempo. S.
Muito obrigado Silvia,
O Banco A (Subsidiária) em 2006 começou a usar Swaps de Taxas de Juros - O Banco A paga a reparação e.
recebe taxas de juros variáveis do Banco B (Pais). O objetivo principal desses instrumentos é mitigar o risco de taxa de juros associado ao empréstimo de taxa fixa (diferença entre empréstimos - depostos)
Por dois anos (2006 e 2007), o Banco A reconhecido na Demonstração de Resultados: Despesas no SWS do IRS e Renda do SWAP.
Em 2008, o Banco A reconheceu instrumentos financeiros derivativos negativos de valor justo através de resultados.
Por favor, você pode ajudar em questão abaixo:
• De acordo com a IFRS é permitida Subsidiária usar Swaps de Taxas de Juros com o Pais (Parte Relacionada)
• É correto reconhecer os instrumentos financeiros derivativos negativos de valor justo por meio do resultado.
• Você pode ajudar a calcular o valor justo para Swaps de taxa de juros.
Muito obrigado,
OK, deixe-me ir diretamente às suas perguntas:
1) Sim, o IRS pode ser organizado entre 2 partes relacionadas. Mas, neste caso, você precisa fazer divulgações apropriadas e também, você precisa ter cuidado porque o IRS entre partes relacionadas não está necessariamente organizado em condições de mercado (= valores justos) e, como resultado, você precisará fazer o ajuste apropriado para trazê-lo ao valor justo. Talvez não seja o seu caso.
2) É claro. É oficialmente designado e tratado como hedge de fluxo de caixa? Porque se não, então você não tem outra opção senão reconhecer todos os ganhos ou perdas de derivativos em lucros ou prejuízos.
3) Este é um tópico muito mais complexo. Cobri-lo no meu Kit de IFRS onde mostro como calcular o valor justo do swap de taxa de juros simples de baunilha (mesma moeda, fixada para flutuante). No entanto, o cálculo do valor justo do IRS & # 8217; depende de COMO exatamente é construído e pode exigir modelagem complexa.
Tenha um bom dia!
Muito obrigado Silvia,
Só para esclarecer,
Como o Banco A classifica o tipo de cobertura neste cenário?
(O Banco A (Subsidiário) usa Swaps de Taxas de Juros - O Banco A paga a reparação e.
recebe taxas de juros variáveis do Banco B (Pais).)
Hedge de fluxo de caixa ou.
Cobertura de valor justo.
Agradeço sinceramente o tempo que você gastou no meu problema.
Esse seria um hedge de fluxo de caixa para o banco A. Se o swap for oposto (A paga flutuante, recebe fixo), então é uma cobertura de valor justo. S.
Wrt sua resposta para o Visar, não será uma cobertura FV se o Banco A estiver pagando fixo de acordo com seus exemplos iniciais, pois o Swap é o instrumento de hedge neste caso.
Sim, Amit, é o que escrevi acima.
Desculpe, mas acho que não fiz minha pergunta corretamente antes. Se o banco A estiver pagando fixo, isso significa que ele possui um passivo de taxa variável que é hedging. Assim, de acordo com o exemplo dado sob o hedge CF acima, isso deve ser qualificado de acordo com o hedge CF para o Banco A.
Oi Amit, minha cabeça gira agora 😀
Você vê, geralmente não é tão fácil perceber o risco que nós estamos protegendo.
Item estruturado = empréstimo de taxa variável.
Instrumento de cobertura = IRS com pagamento fixo, receber variável => então pagar variável receber variável cancelar, portanto, nós ficamos com pagamento fixo. O que é o hedge CF, pois estamos corrigindo o valor do dinheiro a pagar. Espero que esteja claro agora 🙂
Muito obrigado Silvia,
Você pode me dizer quantos tipos de riscos existem para o qual a cobertura pode ser feita. Como por mim, existem quatro riscos & # 8211; risco de preço de mercado, risco de taxa de juros, risco de crédito e risco cambial.
Na minha opinião, a cobertura de Risco de FX, Risco de Taxa de Juros e Risco de Crédito (limitado) pode ser feita mediante hedge. Outros componentes do Risco de Mercado devido a cenários macroeconômicos podem ser gerenciados pela diversificação.
Um artigo muito útil e obrigado por explicar uma área tão complexa de uma maneira muito simples.
Eu entendo que, quando uma empresa é responsável pela contabilidade de hedge de valor justo, eles tomam o privilégio contábil no item coberto ao contrário de um hedge de fluxo de caixa, onde o mesmo é tomado no instrumento de hedge.
Eu tenho algumas perguntas;
1. Um hedge de justo valor pode ser aplicado aos títulos disponíveis para venda? Se sim, então, nós levamos as mudanças de FV para P / L em vez de OCI?
2. Quando eu estou entrando em um hedge de FV para uma dívida de taxa fixa (conforme mencionado em seu exemplo), eu entendo que fazemos uma avaliação justa do componente de juros da dívida (uma vez que a FV da dívida também pode incluir outros fatores variáveis como o crédito risco, risco de liquidez, etc.). Nesse caso, divide o componente FV e mostre-os separadamente do contrato de dívida do host?
Muito obrigado antecipadamente.
Eu tenho um exame ACCA P2 em dezembro de 2018 e eu estou um pouco confuso com todas essas mudanças ultimamente, então meu q é: qual padrão devemos nos referir ao lidar com instrumentos financeiros em nossos exames, IFRS 9 ou IAS 39?
Agradeço antecipadamente.
Oi Nena, não se preocupe com isso, você será informado sobre a questão de usar. Caso contrário, e o tratamento contábil no IAS 39 é diferente do IFRS 9, então simplesmente faça sua escolha e não esqueça de escrevê-lo claramente em sua resposta. Lembre-se de que os examinadores ACCA dão marcas para indicar o óbvio, então faça isso 🙂 S.
Obrigado silvia, o tópico é explicado de forma perfeita. Foi muito útil e interessante.
Silvia. Estou fazendo um trabalho de faculdade. Em notas de uma demonstração financeira de uma empresa, eu vi essa declaração.
& # 8220; reserva de cobertura, referimo-se à parcela efetiva da variação líquida acumulada no valor justo das coberturas de fluxo de caixa relacionadas a transações cobertas que ainda não ocorreram & # 8221 ;.
Você pode me dizer o tipo de reserva de cobertura que é isso? Eu acho um pouco confuso. seria muito apreciado se você pudesse me dar uma resposta hoje ou amanhã, já que a minha missão é devida amanhã.
Agradeço antecipadamente.
Bem, quando você conta para coberturas de fluxo de caixa, você calcula a parcela efetiva e ineficaz da mudança de FV em seu instrumento de hedge. A parcela ineficaz é reconhecida em P / L e a parcela efetiva no OCI. Esta parcela efetiva no OCI é então chamada de "reserva de cobertura" # 8221; & # 8211; Espero que seja mais claro. S.
Muito bem, Silvia.
Isso realmente ajudou. você pode me dizer a diferença entre a reserva de cobertura e compartilhar premium & # 8230; Eu sei que é diferente, mas ainda preciso de algum ponto.
Para uma cobertura de valor justo usando um swap de taxa de juros para hedge de títulos corporativos, os valores nocionais do swap e as obrigações devem ser iguais? Os termos do swap e os títulos corporativos devem ser os mesmos?
O IAS 39 / IFRS 9 não indica esse requisito. Os valores nocionais podem ser diferentes, mas, nesse caso, você terá um tempo mais difícil para provar que sua cobertura é efetiva e se qualifica para contabilidade de hedge (como os termos em seu item coberto e os instrumentos de hedge não correspondem). Mas eu não digo que é impossível. S.
Explicações lúcidas para explicar o tratamento de cobertura. Obrigado.
No entanto, não tenho certeza de que tipo de hedge eu classificaria uma moeda em frente para proteger um pagamento para aquisição de um ativo fixo no futuro (a moeda em que o pagamento é feito é diferente da moeda funcional). A compra de ativos fixos é comprometida, portanto, eu poderia chamar esse comprometimento firme não reconhecido (item coberto) e o risco coberto é a moeda estrangeira. Olhando para a sua mesa onde você resumiu os tipos de hedges, parece que podemos usar coberturas Cashflow ou hedges de valor justo, o que parece ser um pouco confuso. Você pode esclarecer isso?
Depende do que você hedge. Por exemplo:
1) Se você sabe que sua máquina custará o valor exato na moeda estrangeira no futuro, e você quer proteger apenas contra movimentos da taxa de câmbio estrangeira, então você pode tratar como cobertura de fluxo de caixa.
2) Se você não tiver certeza do preço futuro da sua máquina e você tem medo do aumento de preço na moeda estrangeira, então é o hedge de justo valor justo.
E há muitas combinações, também. Espero que seja mais claro! S.
Obrigado pelos esclarecimentos. Sim, o preço de compra a pagar é fixado em moeda estrangeira. Uma vez que o valor a pagar é fixado em moeda estrangeira, uma vez que estamos lidando com item fixo, concluí que estamos lidando com o hedge de valor justo. Não deveria ser esse o caso? Estamos falando de exceções aqui? Por favor deixe-me saber.
A coisa com compromissos firmes não reconhecidos é que a IAS 39 permite proteger o risco de moeda estrangeira tanto no valor justo quanto no hedge de fluxo de caixa.
Acima disso, sugeri tratar-lo como hedge de fluxo de caixa, porque no seu caso, o valor a pagar em moeda estrangeira é fixo e # 8211; Isso é verdade, mas, de fato, o valor a pagar em sua própria moeda é variável, pois flutua com as mudanças nas taxas de câmbio. É muito semelhante ao típico a receber ou a pagar.
Mas, como escrevi, a IAS 39 permite que você contabilize o hedge do compromisso firme não reconhecido sob os dois tipos de hedges.
Com razões, você pode explicar se a reserva de cobertura é uma reserva distribuível ou uma reserva não distribuível?
seria muito apreciado se você pudesse me dar uma resposta hoje.
Agradeço antecipadamente.
Não distribuível. Em algum momento no futuro, ele irá reverter em P / L. S.
Obrigado pelos esclarecimentos. Eu entendo isso muito melhor agora. Eu assumo, em tais casos, que não há vantagens em usar um tipo particular de contabilidade de hedge. Se você acha que existe uma vantagem na utilização de um tipo particular de contabilidade de cobertura, você pode explicar com os motivos.
Nós somos um país europeu (EUR) e temos um contrato no Oriente Médio (AED) para os próximos 5 anos (longo prazo), então nosso risco é um risco de moeda estrangeira, portanto, devemos fazer uma cobertura de fluxo de caixa melhor do que justo valour hedge?
Existem algumas # 8220; pistas # 8221; para identificar a escolha (hedge FV ou hedge FC) neste tipo de situações? Por exemplo:
- & gt; Contratos & gt; 1 ano ou.
Você recomenda trabalhar com hedge btter CF do que o hedge FV & # 8230;
Como determinar a parcela efetiva e ineficaz do hedge de fluxo de caixa.
Eu tenho a mesma pergunta.
OK, deixe-me responder, embora não seja realmente um tópico a abordar em 1 comentário:
Você simplesmente precisa comparar a mudança na FV do seu item coberto e a mudança na FV do seu instrumento de hedge (em hedges CF).
Vamos dizer que a mudança no FV do instrumento de hedge é de +100 e a mudança no FV do item coberto é de -90. Isso significa que essa cobertura não é perfeitamente efetiva (nesse caso, a variação na FV do instrumento de hedge seria de 90 e haveria 100% de compensação). No entanto, a porcentagem de compensação é 111% (100/90), o que é muito efetivo.
Agora, a parte efetiva da mudança no FV do instrumento de hedge é então de 90, ea parte ineficaz é de 10 (100-90).
É claro, pessoal? 😉
Muito obrigado, Silvia, realmente aprecio. Eu acho que está mais claro agora. But what if it was the other way round? Change in FV of Hedging instrument was +90, and change in FV of Hedge item was -100.. Then what will we do?
Thanks again for your help 🙂
above, I described “over-hedge”. Here, you described “under-hedge”.
In CF hedges, if there’s under-hedge, then there’s no ineffective portion and you should take all the change in FV of hedging instrument to OCI.
If there’s over-hedge in CF hedge, then you split change in FV of hedging instrument to effective and ineffective portion just as I described above.
Hope it’s clearer now. S.
Very helpful article and thanks for explaining such a complex area in a very simple manner. It would be great if you can clear my dobut. I had asked this before and guess it was missed.
I understand that when a company goes for fair value hedge accounting, they take the accounting priviledge on the hedged item unlike a cash flow hedge where the same is taken on the hedging instrument.
I have couple of questions;
1. Can a fair value hedge be applied to Available for Sale securities? If yes then do we take the FV changes to P/L instead of OCI?
2. When I am entering into a FV hedge for a fixed rate debt (as mentioned in your example), I understand we do a fair valuation of the interest component for the debt (since FV of debt might also include other variable factors like credit risk, liquidity risk etc). In such case do I split the FV component and show them separately from the host debt contract?
Muito obrigado antecipadamente.
Hi Silvia, thanks for being helpful and so clear! In the case of a variable rate bond, why would a fair value hedge be needed? Since by its very nature, a variable rate bond would be at fair value.
Would appreciate your insights on this…
We’re an importer of raw materials and pay the same in USD. We use FOB Shipping point terms. To hedge against the volatility of Forex we entered into a Forward contract to ensure that we already have a fixed amount of local currency equivalent to pay for the obligation. How should be clasifty this transaction? What are our proposed entries to record this transaction? Should we recognize the RM at the forward rate amount or the FOB date forex.
Thanks in advance and hope you can help us.
Hi Silvia. Your explanation is great. However, there’s one thing I’d like to ask. If the an entity’s commitment fixed only the quantity and date of the purchase while the price is fixed on a certain benchmark, is it still considered as firm commitment and should apply fair value hedge?
I have a question regarding the hedge relationships, from a banks perspective,
lets say a bank provides a interest rate gurantee on a mortgage for a period of 6 months. To reduce the risk that the bank is exposed to, the bank begins to economically hedge the risk via derivatives.
Based on this information – would this be a fair value hedge relationship? the hedge item is the fixed interest rate? or would the hedge item be the potential variable interest rate to be received when the customer funds their mortgage?
For me it seems like it is a fair value hedge, meaning that the hedged item is a “fixed-rate” interest rate.
What about commodity price hedge this i suppose also can be either cash flow or fair value hedge. In this case the FV of the hedged instrument will be the unrealised gain or loss as per the broker statement but what about the gain or loss of the hedged item? Will this be the same?
Eg customer wants to buy aluminium for USD 2K on 7th Jan and so supplier hedged the same quantity of aluminium at USD 2K on same date on 7th Jan. Broker statement will be USD 10 loss, so will this also represent the gain or loss on the hedged item and hence no entry will be passed? Thanx in advance.
it really depends on the type of the hedge.
If you have a fair value hedge, then you book both FV gain/loss on hedging instrument and FV loss/gain on hedged item.
In a cash flow hedge, you need to measure effective/ineffective portion of the loss/gain on hedging instrument and if the hedge is still effective, you book ineffective part in P/L and effective part in OCI.
If I understand it correctly, the supplier holds aluminium for its client and contract’s price is fixed, so is supplier hedging the fair value of its inventories of aluminium? If yes, then it’s FV hedge.
i found some materials that the change in fair value of hedge instrument was discounted. i. e. discount period from closing date till settlement date.
my question is: when and/or what type of hedge do we use discounting the changes of FV?
obrigado. would be very helpful.
Awesome explanation – Muito obrigado. Wonder if the predictability of the expected future cash flow is a required for the hedge accounting at inception. Say I am buying Foreign inventory payable in their currency and then If I as a practice keep taking different maturities of hedges to settle that due. My question is only after i purchase that inventory should I take that hedge can I use the hedge accounting or is it just the predictability of the forecasted purchase to offset my currency exposure (variable here). I am assuming that this is cash flow hedge.
Obrigado & # 8211; I stumbled upon your resource – its brilliant.
You can hedge highly probable forecast transactions – this would be your case. You don’t have to purchase the inventory in order to hedge, but the transaction must be highly probable. And yes, that would be a cash flow hedge.
Hi Silvia. In relation to an investment in a foreign currency, does the hedge term have to meet the expected life of the investment. If so, what would occur if you cannot get a hedge to match the expected life of the asset, or if there was no defined term for the life of the asset, eg if you were buying property.
Hi Tony, not necessarily. If you can demonstrate that the hedge will still be effective and meets its objective, then OK. But in this case, it is very probable that there will be some ineffectiveness in the hedge, caused by different “maturity periods” of hedging instrument and hedged item. S.
Nice reading about Hedge Accounting, please help me to have better understanding, i want to ask you that:
1.how to calculate hedge effectiveness at the first cut off reporting period, because we just start to calculate the fair value and there is no changes in fair value movement?
2.how to calculate the ineffective portion? For example when the calculation set at 130%,is it only the portion amount of 130%-120% will be charge at Profit and Loss?
3.for fair value hedge at the perfectly match of Hedge Items versus Hedge Instruments, is it always perfectly offsetting in Profit and Loss between changes in Fair value of Hedge Instruments and Hedge Items?
4.in a very fluctuative exchange rate conditions, our company set several CCIRS transactions where our Hedge items is bank loan, the main problem is that our on balance sheet hedge items revaluated at each reporting period and then the net settlement from CCIRS also resulting a foreign exchange exposure due to different between book rate compare to spot rate when we receive or pay the CCIRS, is it my accounting treatment is not proper?
5. For a perfectly match condition of Hedge Items versus Hedge Instruments, can we only applied for critical match method for hedge accounting?
I would like to thanks in advance for your favourable reply.
Needed a clarification:-
In case a Co whose reporting currency is INR & has fx risk on account of export receivables in USD, has a fixed rate debt issued in INR in its books.
The Co intends to swap this INR debt with a CCIRS where it receives fixed rate INR Interest & pays floating libor USD. On the final prinicipal exchange it receives INR & pays USD.
Through this the Co intends to naturally offset USD payment against its forecast receivables in USD.
Can this CCIRS be put into a cash flow hedge against highly probable forecast exports? The following issues may arise:-
1)Through the swap I am converting a fixed liability into floating which will require fair value hedge accounting.
2) The risk being hedged is fx risk for forecast trnsaction which will require cash flow hedge accounting.
3) At the time of taking the swap, the INR debt in the books has no risk involved.
Your guidance on the same would be appreciated.
Thanks So Much Silvia. This Is “Hedge Accounting Made Easy”.
Please i really néed to get your IFRS KITS, but i need You to confirm to me the pricé and the last edition.
Specifically, does the newest édition of the IFRS KIT covers the completed version of IFRS 9- Financial Instruments.(i. e Released July 2018).
Please i need a response as urgent as possible.
Hi Oluwaseun, I’ve just responded by e-mail, but to answer: YES, the IFRS Kit does include the newest version of IFRS 9. S.
i want to know about use of cash flow at risk in intelligence hedging decision? can u help me plz.
Hi Silvia, thanks for such great explanation. I have been reading IAS 39, IFRS 7 and 9 and I still did not had an clear understanding between Fair Value and Cash Flow Hedge. I knew that I have to identify the risk, the hedge item, hedge instrument, strategy, economic relationship, effective and inefective portion and many other issues.
I work in treasury and am responsible for the follow up of financial instruments and their accounting/financial treatment. My industry is Coffee, a well known Commodity. So I will make up the context to you.
Hedge item: Arabica Coffee inventory bought at a fixed price.
Hedge instrument: Arabica Coffee Futures Contracts traded in Intercontinental Exchange (ICE, NY).
Economic relationship: the item is arabica coffee and the instrument is Arabica coffee futures. So the economic principle is very clear for me.
Strategy: Short Hedging for selling commodities.
Risk: possible decline price.
Action: when we buy the coffee in the cash market, we hedge the inventory doing the oposite in the futures market (Sell) and buying futures later (buy) when is time to sell.
We do not have risk on the buying side of coffee in cash market since, we buy on spot price always. We never buy on a forward or time in advance later. In the same day we make a purchase contract of coffee(1 lot 375 bags of 46 kg), we fix a buying price, and that is the entry price for us to enter the futures market and start the Short hedge by selling (1 lot 375 bags of 46kg) futures Arabica coffee contracts in the futures market. Giving us a short position on the futures market, and long position on the cash market.
Now, on the sell side, we do make forward contracts to deliver an exact amount of coffee (e. g. 5 lots) at an exact quality(High Grown European Preparation HG EP), exact time (shipment on May N15 July expiration month), and exact place (Port FOB). But we do not fix a price, so we call these forward contracts Price to be fix (PTBF).
Now, that I have explain you the context, I will get you to the big deal I have.
Our company is implementing IFRS Full for the first time on FY14. Our Auditors are Deloitte. On the previous year we have been using Local GAAP. (Which does not even know or recognize financial instruments accounting treatment other than ordinary Assets and Liabilities.
We have these Derivaties (Financial Instruments) and we use them as hedging instruments, both item and instrument are well defined as I have mentioned before. Now let´s try to find out if the hedge item is a Fix or Variable item.
You mentioned that inventories are Fix item. That is ok for inventories of items that are not listed on Exchanges. For example, cars, iPads, beds, shoes, etc. But for coffee, we have an active market (Level 1). The information of these prices are available for everyone and they are a common ordinary item. Nonetheless, commodity prices are very volatile, and prices can vary more than 100% in less than one year.
We can say we have a fix item on the buy side, but as I mentioned before we do not make commitments to buy on forward prices just spot prices. And we sell on PTBF that means our value of our sales are unknown, and so are the cash flows related to the income of our physical inventory of coffee.
My boss financial controller says that the inventories are an asset an therefore should be treated as a fair value hedge. The auditos initially wanted to treat the inventory with IAS 2, and Net realizable Value NRV. I do not agree. I have change auditors mind that commodity inventories should not be treated as NRV since the IAS 2 clear states it should be treated as Fair Value. That is ok if the inventories were not hedge. And since we do not like risk, and we want to offset market price risk, we use coffee futures to mitigate that risk.
If we had firm commitments or contracts that represent the sale of our inventory we could treat them as Fair value less cost to sell. But since we do not have a fix price, and we are hedging them, I think, understand and belief they should be treated as a Cash Flow Hedge.
To add more context, we do have the practice of making the mark-to-market valuation approach, which in other words represent fair value of inventories.
As we are hedging the inventory that Is ready for sale but with a PTBF contract, there should be an account that records the variation on fair value of the hedge item (lets call PNL of the inventorie) and should be recorded against a reserve of equity, called (Reserve of PNL of coffee inventory) although they are called PNL that does not mean I am saying the effects should be taken to P/L statement.
On the financial instrument (derivative)[by the way I read commodity contracts are not financial instruments how is that possible or when is it. ] And this should have an impact on its fair value depending on the market price. If prices goes down I will have an unrealized gain, and if prices go higher I will have an unrealized loss, ok? Because the futures market position is Short Hedge.
MY approach is the following.
Any variation of the hedge item and hedge instrument should be taken to :
Price Hedge item Dr. Cr.
Higher Gain Asset (Gain inventorie) Cash flow Reserve (Gain)
Lower Loss Cash Flow Reserve (Loss) Liabilitie (Loss)
Higher Loss OCI (Loss) Liabilitie (Loss)
Lower Gain Asset (Derivatie gain) OCI (Gain)
If the hedge is 100% effective, any ineffectiveness should be taken to Income statement for the FY of the change in price as the date of the FP.
We then arrive to the time to make the sell, and we have a known sell price.
Cash market (offset gain or loss on Cash Flow reserve Equity)
Future market (reclassify gain or loss to income statement when the price is know, and we buy the futures contract we had initially sold. That exit price will be my new fix price for the sale and the PTBF expires so I do not need any hedge since the market price risk have disappeared.
The main reason for these treatment I recall again, is the condition that I have a variable item hedge and not a fix variable hedge (coffee inventory).
Who makes more sense, me or my boss? Or the auditors?
thank you for your comment, and really let me thank you for your trust you placed in me and for posting me this question. However, to answer this question properly, I would need to dedicate more time than I currently can afford. I believe quick response would not give you the quality and diligence that everybody (also you) expect from my work.
Hence I leave it to other readers to go through your questions and tell you their opinion. When I have more time, I may eventually come back to it.
Hope you understand. S.
Hi Silvia, thanks for you explanation, very useful. Assuming a perfect hedge lets say either in the form of a cash flow hedge or fair value hedge. A fair value hedge will have zero FX impact because underlying is at same spot rate as hedge and they both mature at same rate. For cash flow hedges the spot will be taken in advance of the underlying being on your balance sheet so although they mature on the same date the initial value will be different and so FX gain/loss will be recognised. Is that a fair synopsis?
Hi Silvia, also as you mentioned “For example, even when you have a fixed item, you can still hedge it under cash flow hedge and protect it against foreign currency risk.
Equally, you can hedge a variable rate debt against fair value changes – and that’s the fair value hedge.”
In this example you said, we can hedge a variable debt against fair value changes and thats fair value hedge. This is exceptional, right. Can you please explain how are we hedging this?
Hello Silvia. Eu tenho uma pergunta. Is effectiveness or ineffectiveness only calculated in relation to cash flow hedging relationships or is it also applicable to fair value hedging relationship? Obrigado pelo seu tempo.
Every hedge must meet hedge effectiveness criteria in IFRS 9 in order to apply hedge accounting. If these are met, then you can apply hedge accounting, if not – then no hedge accounting.
However, hedge can me effective, but not perfectly effective.
Measuring “how much ineffectiveness” is applicable for cash flow hedge as you recognize ineffective portion in P/L and effective portion in OCI. For fair value hedges, you only need to determine whether your hedge is effective or not, but once your hedge meets effectiveness criteria, you do not measure effective and ineffective portion separately.
What is effective and ineffective portion, Please give a suitable example. |?
please revise the above comments, there’s a mention above. Also, I talk about these issues fully in my IFRS Kit. However, maybe in 1 of my future articles, I’ll bring simple illustration, too. Tenha um bom dia! S.
Iam still very confused when you still talk of IAS 39 yet my tutor told me that it was replaced long time ago by IFRS 9.
it’s just a partial truth. Today, there are 2 valid standards: IAS 39 and IFRS 9 and the companies can make a choice which one to apply. IAS 39 stops being valid after 1 January 2018 only, so from 2018, there will be only IFRS 9.
I also came across this ifrs box nd wow! You’re good at what you do.
Just a quick 1 though, hedge accounting for a basic FV hedge is exactly the same as normal accounting treatment of the hedging instrument and item. Cos I really don’t c the difference between when we apply hedge accounting and when we don’t?
Only difference comes with CF hedges.
Am I right in this!
Bem, na verdade não. FV hedge is a bit different from “normal” accounting treatment. Yes, it’s true, that for hedging instrument, you use some derivative in most cases and its fair value change is recognised in P/L anyway. But for the hedged item no. For example, if you hedge your inventories at FV, then you also recognise a change in FV of your hedge item (inventories), while normally, you keep your inventories at lower of cost or NRV (IAS 2).
Tenha um bom dia!
Crystal clear – obrigado!
What difference does it make whether you designate a fair value hedge or not, as far as I can see the movements in the values of the hedging instrument and the underlying item both go through the P&L irrespective of whether you designate or not.
that’s not true, please refer to my above comment. Some “hedged items” are not revalued through P/L without FV hedge (e. g. inventories). S.
Thank you for a very very useful web site. I would like to kindly ask a question.
What if the hedged item is already recognised receivable which is denominated in Dollar, where functional currency is Euro (FX forward is enterred). The movement in receivables due to FX rate change is already booked on P&L at reporting date. If FV hedge is applied, hedged item (in this case $ denominated receivables) fair value change will be booked twice in P%L (one for usual accounting entry, two for FV hedge accounting)?
if you designate your receivable for FV hedge (but I guess that it’s not what you want to do, because most of the time, you designate it for cash flow hedge really), then you do not book the change twice. As soon as you revalue receivable to the current year-end FX rate, it’s in its fair value, so there’s nothing to be booked within FV hedge. S.
Thank you so much Silvia for your very helpful and quick response.
Then, if you designate FX forward as CFH (assume 100% efficiency), net income will fluctuate until settlement of FX forward as change in fair value of FX forward will be booked to OCI under CFH accounting. And the revaluation of receivable/payable will be booked in P&L (they will not offset each other in the P&L until settlement).
After settlement of FX forward, amount in OCI will be reclassified to P&L and offset with the revaluation gain/loss from receivable/payable. Am I right thinking like that?
If this is the case, why would we want to apply Cash Flow Hedge for recorded assets/liabilities denominated in FX (receivables, payables, etc) which are revalued at period-ends? We can simply apply Economic Hedge (as change in fair value goes to P&L, it will offset with revaluation of hedged item) instead of Hedge Accounting, given that hedge accounting requires upfront documentation and testing?
I wanted to inquire whether I can hedge my Loan payable in USD with my Revenue which I will receive in USD?
Is that possible under IAS 39 and IFRS 9?
Wondering if you could clarify something…
My company have taken out CCIRS in GBP/USD and GBP/JPY.
We revalue these items (at fair value) every period in the STRGL (performing retrospective testing each period) and posting the changes accordingly in STGL. I presume this is correct methodology using IAS39?
How will the accounting change following IFR9 implementation? I presume no retrospective testing will be required and the change in fair value will need to be recognised in OCI?
Many thanks for clarifying.
you haven’t written whether your CCIRS is a designated hedging instrument or it’s just a derivative without any hedging relationship. You mentioned some retrospective testing, however, it’s not clear what you hedge, what the type of the hedge is etc.
If it’s not a part of some hedge, then of course, you’re right and IFRS 9 implementation won’t change it’s treatment.
If it’s a hedging instrument, then there are some differences in relation to testing the effectiveness, but the mechanics of accounting for a hedge itself does not change.
Hi Silvia, thanks for replying to questions like this. I wanted to know if the following is correct. A company has FX denominated loans and entered into forward contracts to cover the interest and principal payments. The accounting treatment: book and carry the loan in functional currency translated at the hedge contract rate/forward rate. The mark-to-market on the hedge contract sits on the balance sheet. When loan and hedge contract matures, the gain/loss on the hedge contract goes to update the Loan Payable account on the balance sheet. Not hitting P&L at all.. rationale is that once forward contract was entered into, this effectively turned the loan into functional currency….does this make sense? I’m used to traditional fair value hedge where remeasurement gain/loss is offset by hedge gain/loss on the P&L.
Hi Silvia, my client currently enter into future commodities contract to ‘short’ (sell) it purchases of commodities on the purchase date of the commodities and at the same time ‘Long’ (buy) the commodities when a sales contract is sign between the seller on the sales contract date. Then follow by the prompt date as dated by the future contract. The client will either settle earlier or at the prompt and make a gain / loss .
For example, purchase 100mts @ $1/mt of zinc on 1/1/2018 , buyer not finalised yet hence short(sell) it by entering into future contract at $1.10/mt and at a later date when a sales contract with customer A to sell zinc at $1.30/mts is signed with a customer on 3/1/2018, the client entered into a long (buy) future contract 100mts of zinc @ $1.20 with the future broker.
Hence the company made a future contract loss of ($1.20 x 100 – $1.10 x 100 = $10).
while in actual purchases and sales, the company made a profit of ($1.30 x 100 – $1 x 100 = $30).
The company will recognised the $10/- as hedging loss and this amount will be recognised directly into PL. The amount due to or due from the future brokers should be recognised into the FP as derivative financial assets / derivative financial liabilties. Is this the right way to account for hedging??
The future contract could also work in the opposite way such as entering in ‘Long’ (buy) future contract in regards to the sales contract signed and subsequently enter into ‘Short’ purchase contract.
The sales and purchases is only recognised when the goods is delivered and onto the FP and PL.
This should be designated as fair value hedge?
Wonder how you explain such complicated topics at ease. really appreciate.
Thanks 🙂 I just don’t like to be “lost in translation” 🙂
Can we get cash flow hedge for an interest rate swap agreement to manage 75% the risk of a variable debt. Meaning the notional amount on interest rate agreement is 75% of the value of the debt outstanding at the date interest rate swap agreement. Also can we get cash flow hedge for interest rate swap if the debt agreement was entered into on July 29, 2018 where as the interest date swap agreement was entered into on November 20, 2018. Does few months variance in the commencement matters?
“irrespective of the hedge type, hedge accounting essentially involves measurement of the hedging instrument at fair value, regardless of the accounting method used on the underlying hedged item.”
Is this statement correct?
In banking, we offer fixed rate loans to borrowers and offset the interest rate risk by entering into an interest rate swap or fair value hedge. With the hedge, we pay a fixed rate payment and get a variable rate payment in return. With regards to reporting the change in fair value of the hedging instrument (the loan in this case), does this amount get added to the book balance of the loan or is it reported separately on the Balance Sheet as part of Other Assets. I understand the change in fair value of the hedge is reported as its own item on the Balance Sheet, just not sure if the fair value of the hedging instrument receives the same treatment.
how to Calculate the effective and ineffective portions of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument?
I would like to humbly ask you for your kind help since I have read most of articles here and didnt find the answer. 🙂
If inventory is hedged through FV hedge and the FV increases during the perioid till reporting date, is the value of inventory changed (increased) accordingly? Im just confused by IAS 2 and its “lower of cost or NRV” regra. Does it not apply here?
I will be forever grateful for your reply, this question is kind of preventing me from further understanding of whole hedge accounting.
Thank you1 Have a great day!
How to identify the ineffective portion of a hedging instrument practically. Can you give a short example to clarify the same under IFRS 9.
Good afternoon Silvia!
I have been searching internet for 2 months in a row and still didnt find answer for this:
What lines in P/L statement are affected by the change of the value of hedge item/instrument? Up till now, I have found 3 different ways in different books: to Financial income, operating income and to revenues.
Is it different for each hedging relationship? Or e. g. hedge of fair value of commodity inventory is always affects operating income.
Please help me! <3 My head is going to blow up soon.
it strongly depends on what your hedged item is 🙂 Then the change of fair value goes to the same line as the main expenses related to the hedged item. S.
Hi Silvia, Thanks a lot for the explanation. In our company we have hedged the foreign currency risk with forward contracts. Is this falling under fair value hedge? Can u please explain on this?
in most cases, it’s a cash flow risk when it comes to foreign currencies (e. g. you protect your receivables/payables in foreign currencies). But sometimes, it can be a fair value hedge, too. S.
Hi Silvia, Need a clarification.
We have a long term loan in USD and intend to re pay with the foreign exchange earning in the future. Could please let me know, which one is the hedge item, hedge instrument and the impact on the OCI when the settlement is made. Thanking you.
I think the difference is the certainty of cash flows. In cash flow hedge u r certain to receive or pay and u just protect from variation in that receipt or payment. In fair value hedge, there is no certainty in cash flow yet as the decision to hold or to sell and when to sell are still undecided. Is my logic right?…:)
How do you present cash hedging in the cash flow statements (investment or financing)? Is there a specific lingo I should use to add a line in the cash flow?
am also interested in knowing how to Calculate the effective and ineffective portions of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument?
I replied somewhere above in the comment. Plus, I noted you subscribed to the IFRS Kit – so you’ll find a clear explanation there. S.
In the search of how to write up a significant matter for my client’s new fair value hedge and came to this website.
Have to say, very helpful! Muito obrigado!
And, I have a laugh when reading your “Top 3 Biggest Dilemma with your auditors”
I experienced all of what you mentioned there before. Ri muito!
I am looking for material/subscription covering the following topics/Questions.
1)If I have a bond that is classified under Amortized cost, could I do hedging accounting i. e the bond to be hedged item (with examples)
2)examples for Method of hedge effectiveness calculating.
3)examples for hedging accounting under IFRS 9.
I am looking for material /subscription covering the Hengyang accounting with Examples especially for.
1)the treatment for hedging a bond that is classified under amortized cost (IFRS 9) or held to maturity (IAS 39)
2) examples for IAS 39.
Method of hedge effectiveness calculating.
1)dollar offset method.
2)volatility reduction method.
4)hypothetical derivatives method(for only cash flow)
Or rebalancing under IFRS 9.
Assume a scenario where I agree a fixed price for a defined quantity of crude oil, say USD90 for 10,000bbl of crude. The price of crude in the market is USD30 and I agreed to pay the Buyer USD3.50 for each barrel of crude lifted so as to guarantee the price. How do I treat this type of hedge? In my view this is as good as a cash and carry transaction. Do I need to recognize any gain from this type of forward contract since I have basically agreed to sell the crude at a fixed price?
The difference between Fair value & cash Flow Hedge is explained beautifully. I have one doubt in case of Cash Flow Hedge what will happen to Mark to Market(MTM) gain/Loss of an Investment (Hedged Item). Because as explained earlier, in cash flow hedge we do not touch Hedged Item in accounting??
I enter into a forward to hedge an expenses in future in one year and the invoices will be come in at that point of time.
I recorded it as cash flow hedge. Just when the forward contract is expire but the invoices haven’t come in and it sit under my accrual, is this call ineffective potion? need to charge out to PL?
I wonder i well i would have understood that area of Financial Instruments without your presentation Silvia. Guess what ? It was succinct and simply simplified. Under how to account for a cash flow hedge you clearly stated “As you can see, you don’t even touch the hedged iten hear” Hahahahh…….That was pam. Obrigado e continue.
🙂 I wish everyone would read my stuff so carefully 🙂 S.
Say I’m going to receive $10million GBP as royalty payment from my subsidiary. However, as i’m a US company i would want to hedge this against a variable foreign exchange currency. Does this justifies to be a Cash flow hedge ?
I would say a cash flow hedge. S.
Another question is that, since i have entered into a forward contract (signed and sealed). Do I have to record it down as a transaction (E. g a Receivable) or should it be included in the notes of the financial statements?
Dear Philip, since this is a derivative, it should be recognized in the financial statements at fair value (although initially, the fair value usually comes close to zero). S.
I want to ask from you about Cash Flow Hedge reclassification to earnings.
we are in Travel industry and we sell out tour package to our subsidiary companies in other countries..we have forward contract with bank..
Initially, we recognize gain from hedging in other comprehensive income..
1. can we reclassify the gain from Hedging into earnings again ?
2.When we can make the reclassification.
Hi Silvia, thanks for the explanations. I just get confused on how to account for interest rate swaps with regards to hedging. Bank A is exposed to variable rate payments on their loan liabilities. They enter into a IRS with Bank B to pay fixed and receive variable.
1) This would be a CF hedge right?
2) What would be the difference if we apply hedge accounting and if we do not apply hedge accounting because I can’t see a difference – i. e under hedge accounting, the net amount between what we pay and what we receive will go to P+L (basically the non-effective portion). under normal accounting, we would still affect P+L with the net amount. So how does hedge accounting change this?
2) There are 2 things to take care about:
& # 8211; The interest paid: Sure, what you pay, is a part of the effective interest method and goes in profit or loss. I would say this is what happened in the past.
& # 8211; Interest rate swap itself: You shall recognize the derivative too. This is what will happen in the future (its fair value is calculated as present value of future cash flows). Initially, its fair value is close to zero, but in the subsequent reporting periods, it will have some fair value and you need to account also for fair value change. Here the hedge accounting comes.
If you do not apply a hedge accounting, then the full change in derivative’s fair value goes to profit or loss.
If you do apply a hedge accounting, then only ineffective portion of change in FV goes to profit or loss and the effective portion is recognized in OCI.
Espero que isto ajude. S.
i want to know, in case we have hedged most of the payments which we have to pay to supplier with bank. further to explain, bank first pay to supplier & then we pay to bank after 3 to 6 month of on forward contract rate, so is it necessary to calculate the unrealise gain/loss for loan from bank in foreign currency.
Shipra, I am a little lost in your question. You should calculate any unrealized gain/loss on any loan in foreign currencies stated in your financial statements. On top of that, if you enterred into a derivative (whether for hedge or not), then you should determine its fair value at the end of reporting period and recognize it. S.
I have an interest in the impact of FX movement for reporting purposes.
In most (if not all) of the examples you gave above, they would be deemed to be monetary items. A company that held such items in a foreign subsidiary may consider cashflow or fair value hedges depending on the item.
Would it be fair to say that a company wouldn’t need to worry about FX movements for non-monetary items such as plant and equipment in a foreign subsidiary, as they would be converted to reporting currency at an historic rate?
in fact, when you translate foreign subsidiary’s accounts to a presentation currency for the reporting purposes, then you do NOT use historical rate, but the closing rate. You use historical rate for non-monetary assets only when you translate individual transactions to your functional currency (careful about what you translate: to a presentation currency? to a functional currency?). Of course, when you translate subsidiary’s functional currency accounts to parent’s functional currency (i. e. to a presentation currency), there are many exchange differences and their cumulative effect is recognized in other comprehensive income.
And then, about hedging of non-monetary items – maybe it would be great if you specify further what you have in mind. Do you own some fixed asset and you’d like to hedge its value? Or would you like to hedge investor’s interest in net assets of foreign subsidiary?
If the last is the case, then you can hedge the net assets and apply a cash flow hedge, but only to the foreign exchange differences arising between parent’s functional currency and subsidiary’s functional currency. You can apply cash flow hedge accounting, but only in the consolidated financial statements.
It’s quite a difficult topic and I plan to write some article about it. S.
Obrigada pelo esclarecimento. If we purchase your material will it have examples on effectiveness testing on cash flow hedges as per AASB139.
I have some questions regarding the designation and treatment of cash flow hedge for FX swap (funding swap) under IAS 39.
FX swap is a swap transaction exchange of principals of different currencies at the beginning and at maturity (i. e. convert USD to AUD at the beginning (near leg) and convert AUD to USD at the maturity (far leg)).
Initially, I would raise USD by issuing discounted bill and the USD received would be swapped to AUD to fund an asset. At the maturity, the AUD asset would be converted back to USD by swap for repayment of liabilities.
Between the value date of near leg and maturity date, I would have a USD Liability and a AUD asset in my balance sheet while the far leg of swap would be a derivative asset or liabilities like a forward fx contract.
Because the Asset and Liabilities would be revalued using spot FX rate and the far leg of FX swap would be remeasured based on forward FX rate, the non-parallel shifts of spot rate and swap rate would cause fluctuation of FX Profit. Therefore, I would like to use cash flow hedging to offset such fluctuation. (Namely, designate the discounted bill in USD as hedged item and the far leg of swap as hedging instrument and hedge on forward rate method)
For cash flow designation:
1. Should be hedged item be defined as a “Forecast” transaction or recognised liabilities?
2. Given the liability is a discounted bill, should the value of hedged item equal to the notional value to be paid at the end or the discounted value I received at beginning?
3. By using forward method Cash Flow Hedge, the value of far leg would be all transferred into OCI. Should I recycle the amount of realised FX Profit and Loss of hedged item (asset and liability) out of OCI and return back to P&L during the life of swap? If the answer is yes, which section in IAS 39 would require/allow me to do so?
We hedge our foreign currency receivable on forecasted sales/future sales against the creditors, here hedged item is forecasted sales and hedged instrument is creditor. Please note we dont enter into an any forward contract or future contract.
i. e. any foreign currency receivables in future is hedged against the amount payable to creditors in foreign currency.
We treat this as Cash Flow hedge. This example (we are actually doing this) not covered in any book. Isso é correto?
Hi Please I need clarification. I am having difficult establishing if a transaction I am working on is an hedging relationship.
I am currently reviewing the financials of a company which has an account designated as cashflow hedge reserve.
Now the entity buys raw material from foreign supplier and agrees times of payment which could be in 3 months. So my client sets aside some foreign currency amount in the bank( Eg EURO 15Million for the payment which will be due in say 3 months at an exchange rate of for example NGN250 per Euro on that day. So on the payment date the Euro I5 million is translated at the exchange rate of say NGN 300 per Euro and the exchange difference will now be recognized as cashflow hedge reserve.
My concern is that I am unable to identify a third party in this transaction. No one really bears the loss or reward of the transactions. Seems to me like is mere translation of foreign denominated monetary assets using the spot rate on the balance sheet date as required by IFRS.
Please assist to provide me with guidance on this as I am so confused.
Should we classify a foreign currency denominated fixed rate bond as a fair value hedge or cash flow hedge?
But if I expect it to be effective, I’d rather choose to do fair value?
It would go straight to benefit P&L.
Would like to check with you. If the Company is entered into Cross Currency Swap (applying hedge accounting, cash flow hedge and the hedge is effective). The loan which entered into the swap is different from the functional currency. Understand that the Fair Value of the derivative is taken up in Other Comprehensive Income, how about the spot rate translation of the loan itself? Should recognised in P&L or OCI?
thanks for all the detailed explanations!
I had a question which is more specific to commodity hedges – is the accounting at all affected if there is an asset lien? I am looking at a gas hedge for a power plant.
Also, does the US GAAP differ on this topic?
Hi Silvia, how does one think about hedging inventory that comprises gold jewellery, for example. Would this be a fixed hedge…and consequently, one has to adopt the Fair Value method?
Excelente postagem! Thank you for making it so simple.
Eu tenho duas perguntas:
1. We do cash flow forecast of our foreign currency purchases. Example: we forecast purchase of 10 million EUR of raw material in May. 2017. Functional currency is USD.
If I want to hedge the future purchase with a FX forward contract in order to fix my margins (P/L), is this Cash Flow Hedge?
2. In May 2017 when I purchase this raw material, this 10 million EUR is A/P on my Balance Sheet with 45 days payment term.
I want to fix my A/P in USD so I hedge it with FX forward contract – Is this FV hedge?
Is there a major difference between GAAP and IFRS on hedge accounting?
2) No, it’s a cash flow hedge.
There are some differences, but probably not major. S.
If I take out a forward exchange contract to secure my exchange rate on a forecast transaction (for the purchase of inventory), I can obviously apply cash flow hedging.
However, once I receipt this inventory, I stop applying cash flow hedging. Does the hedge then become a fair value hedge or do I simply now account for this as a derivative instrument. I know the accounting treatment of a derivative and fair value hedge is the same, but want to understand the principle).
I think that by the forward contract, you are hedging the planned cash flows and the receipt of inventories is not an event that would force you to discontinue the hedge accounting. Instead, you keep your hedge accounting until you pay for the inventories and exercise the forward contract. In fact, you are not hedging the inventories themselves, but the payment for these inventories.
Also, let me stress that fair value hedge accounting and the accounting treatment of a derivative are NOT the same. Yes, in both cases, you recognize the fair value change of a derivative in profit or loss, but in the case of fair value hedge, you also recognize the fair value change of the hedged item in profit or loss. S.
Thanks a million for sharing such a fantastic explanation about the differentiation both of these hedge’s type. Please define & explain the followings:
1. Define Effective & Ineffective portion of Gain or Loss on Derivatives;
2. What is the basis, criteria or parameters for splitting of Gain or Loss into Effective & Ineffective portions of Hedging Instruments?
hmmm, this is really a complex question and I think I need to write some article about it. In short: when the change in fair value (FV) of hedging instrument is greater than the change in FV of hedged item, you have an “overhedge”. If it falls within the range of 80-125%, then the effective part is the FV change equals to FV change on hedged item, and ineffective part is the difference between FV change of hedging instrument and FV change on hedged item. It looks very complicated, but it’s not really possible to explain it easily in the comment. And also, it’s only the example of dollar-offset method, applied under IAS 39. S.
Firstly I thank you for replying my question. I made a flow chart presentation according to your comment still found very complicated. I would really appreciate if you write an article on this complex matter with numerical example for better understanding.
may your wish come true. I’lll write something up within 1-2 months. S.
Can you please also explain how to account for cross currency interest rate swaps (CCRIS).
I understand that fixed to fixed CCRIS are fixed interest payments in future and can be treated similar to forward contracts.
But how to account for floating to fixed CCIRS and vice versa and floating to floating CCRIS.
DO we apply hedge accounting these ?
that’s the topic for a separate article itself. Let me just mention that yes, it’s possible to apply hedge accounting to CCIRS, based on what the hedge relationship is. What is your hedged item? What precisely is your hedging instrument – is it the full CCIRS? Or a part of it? Also, can you measure hedge effectiveness somehow?
If you hold your CCIRS outside any hedging relationship, then no, you do not apply hedge accounting, but you should account for all fair value changes of that derivative in profit or loss. S.
The article is very helpful. Thanks for explaining complex topic in a simple way.
I have a doubt ;if I have two types of fixed debt instruments one I have amortised using EIR & the other I havenot amortised. Now I have entered in to fixed rate prinicipal & interest swap in foreign currency, whether the same will be cash flow hedge or fair value hedge ?
it depends on what risk you hedge. You need to specify that precisely. Are you protecting against foreign currency movements? Then it’s a cash flow hedge. Are you protecting against fair value movement (i. e. are you swapping fixed rate to get floating market rate)? Then it’s a fair value hedge. S.
Great article, thanks very much! I think I now am clear about fair value vs cash flow hedges. But now I see people speaking about balance sheet hedging vs cash flow hedging, and then things get muddled again. Is “balance sheet hedging” simply another way of referring to fair value hedging? Muito obrigado!
IFRS do not define the term “balance sheet hedging”, but in most cases it refers to protecting against the risk associated with foreign currency movements, related to your assets or liabilities denominated in foreign currency. In most cases, it’s a cash flow hedge. S.
Thank you for the explanation, Sylvia!
Can you tell me how to account for hedging for a portion of assets classified at Amortised cost.
The hedging insturment is as usual but noit sure how MTM is treated on the balance sheet and the P&L.(IFRS 9)
Sorry, what is MTM?
MTM is Mark to market.
It depends on what you are hedging. Is it the fair value hedge or a cash flow hedge?
Fair value hedge for Securities at Amortised cost(IFRS 9)
Would it be possible to designate a USD denominated loan as the “hedging instrument” to hedge highly probable forecast sales also denominated in USD. As far as I know, the answer is yes, as I am trying to hedge the FX exposure.
Trick here is, this loan has already been designated as the “hedged item” to be able to hedge the interest rate risk with an IRS earlier & the relationship is still ongoing.
Therefore, technically, I am trying to use the same loan as the “hedged item” in my first designation & “hedging instrument” in my second designation. I was wondering if this is a possible scenario.
Appreciated for this great article which helps me a lot to understand for about the topic. As I am a bit confused with the concept of hedge as I think to qualify as hedge the gain/loss on hedging instruments and on hedged items must be opposite (i. e. gain on hedging instrument vs loss on hedged item). Just wondering for a cash flow hedge, whether it is correct to deem the hedge as effective when there are gains on both hedging instrument and hedged items and the effectiveness is within the range of 80-125%, because for cash flow hedge we are just looking to hedge the variability of the cash flows. Many thanks Silvia.
Eu tenho uma pergunta.
Why the Gain/Loss on Fair value hedges booked in P&L, however in case of Cash flow hedges effective goes to OCI and ineffective goes to P&L.
Why this is happening if purpose of both is hedging ?
you forgot to add that at fair value hedge, also the gain/loss on the hedged item is booked (not in cash flow hedge). And it answers your question. It is happening to offset the fluctuations in fair value of the hedged item that are also recognized in P/L. S.
Eu tenho uma pergunta. If an entity is applying hedge accounting on a cash flow hedge and has hedged for sales of say 100,000 units of x commodity and then has forecasted sales of 90,000, are they required to recognised the g/l on the additional 10,000 units (over hedged?) in the P&L as opposed to the OCI?
Agradecimentos e cumprimentos
you should hedge only 90 000 of sales, not 100 000 units. The hedging instrument to hedge additional 10 000 units (that do not exist) should not be accounted for as a hedge accounting, but as a regular derivative. S.
In the example of accounting for fair value hedge given above, no hedge effectiveness testing has been included. Is it not compulsory to test hedge effectiveness for fair value hedges? If so, what could be the logic of keeping it mandatory for only cash flow hedges and not for fair value hedges? As far as I know, under US GAAP, hedge effectiveness testing is done for both fair value and cash flow hedges.
Thank you in advance for the clarification.
you should test the fair value hedge for the effectiveness. If it’s not effective, then under IAS 39 you need to discontinue the hedge accounting and under IFRS 9, you need to rebalance the hedge ration. If it’s effective, you account for it as written in the article – you don’t split the effective and ineffective part though. S.
hello Md. Silvia I watch your video a lot and you are very helpful.
please how come was the Variable-rate assets and liabilities classified under fair value in your text above.
What are the hedges we can use on securities (equities)FVH OR CFH OR BOTH…AND what should be our hedging instruments for this.
In case of fair value hedge, why there is no requirement for a reserve like that in cash flow hedge? Also, Why there is no distinction between effective / in-effective portion of hedge and separate accounting treatment in fair value hedge like that in cash-flow hedge? Request to clarify the logic.
it’s because in FV hedge, you revalue not only hedging instrument, but also a hedged item (this is not the case at CF hedge). Both items are revalued to their fair value, hence there’s no sense to apportion effective/ineffective part. S.
Thanks for explaining such a difficult topic so clearly.
But what happens if the swap is based on two floating interest,
for example: A bank pays 3M LIBOR and receives 1M LIBOR, which type of hedge it will be?
Currency swaps can be both cash flow hedge and fair value hedge.
I am not asking for a currency swap.
It is a basis swap, in which we swap the base on which the floating rates depends.
I have the same query as Neal.
Kindly answer this. TIA 🙂
It depends on what the hedged item is – for me, it’s very unclear from what Neal wrote. S.
Suppose X borrows @3M LIBOR and hedges it by an interest rate swap in which it receives 3M LIBOR and pays 1M LIBOR. So hedged item here is the 3M LIBOR. Is it the cash flow hegde or fair value hedge?
OK, nice but I understood that 🙂 Fine, let me tell you that this basis swap that exchanges one variability for another type of variability does not qualify for neither type of the hedge. So I’m afraid you could not account for a hedge accounting if you just took this type of a derivative. But, if you combine this swap with another derivative, well then, it could be possible to designate this combined item in either fair value hedge or cash flow hedge, depending on the specific circumstances. Cheers!! 🙂
I have been studying theory but still I am not clear with the distinction of the two hedges. I got lost on the cash Flow hedge. What do you mean by effective portion and ineffective portion, Please help.
Thanks for your time and effort in all this.
I feel this ‘fixed’ and ‘variable’ rule does not always work. Like if an entity X has 100 Tons of cotton in its inventory and its enters into futures contract to sell this cotton in 3 months time @ 50$ per Ton. The way I see it that company has converted something variable into fixed, so it is cash flow hedge. Estou certo? And if it is fair value hedge, what am I doing wrong? Obrigado.
Pardon me, Tahir, but what’s the hedging here? I see only 1 contract – that is to sell the inventory in 3 months at fixed price. What’s the hedged item? And also, there’s also the question whether the delivery is physical, because if yes, then you don’t even have a derivative here, but the regular trading contract. S.
Hi Silvia, Entity entered into the contract to guard against the future fluctuations in the price of cotton (so that the value of its inventory does not fall), so inventory is hedged item. And lets assume contract can be net-settled. And thanks a lot.
Hi Silvia, waiting for your guidance.
Hedge of inventory in hand through a forward contract is accounted for as cash flow hedge of fair value hedge? Obrigado pelo seu tempo.
Fair value. In your books, it’s a fixed item.
If fair value hedge accounting requires adjustment of hedge item , particularly when fair value of hedge item increases , does this mean IAS 2 has no application when company uses fair value hedge accounting?
Hi silvia, so my question is :-
what would be the financial impact (if u had to sum it up) if the other comprehensive income/loss arising from cash flow hedges is to be reclassified to profit or loss account in the subsequent period. Hope to hear back soon as its very urgent! Obrigado 🙂
Obrigado pelo excelente artigo. If a hypothetical derivative is used to check effectiveness, should the hedged item still be used to calculate to ineffective portion that goes to P&L?
If it’s a cash flow hedge, yes. The hedge can be effective, but not 100% effective and it means that it will have some ineffective portion.
Great, thanks Silvia. Yes, it is a cashflow hedge. So I’ll check effectiveness using a hypothetical derivative and the hedging instrument. Then I’ll calculate the cumulative change of the hedging instrument and if it is more than the cumulative change of the hedging item, that excess portion is the ineffective portion that will go to P&L. Does this sound correct?
good afternoon, I’m working for an oil and service company and I have the following example:
we got an advance from a client(contract in dollar) in NAIRA equivalent at fix exchange rate. During 2018 NAIRA has been drastically devaluated and the equivalent amount of naira that we are getting from client against the advance is giving us a huge loss on the current year.
is it a sample where a cash flow edge have suppose to be applicable in order to minimize the impact on P&L?
I’m interested on the CVA/DVA impact on the cash flow hedge portion especially on recognizing the accounting entries that should goes to OCI. Would you be able to provide some insight and sample affecting this matter.
So here is my question, Suppose i have taken forward cover against my foreign currency receivable, so is it a cash flow hedge or fair value hedge?
Also if i have taken forward cover for an amount which is more than/less than my foreign currency receivable, then what will be the treatment of excess/short position taken?
Thank you for this useful link on hedge accounting.
I have a question I would like to ask you.
Do you think it is possible to achieve hedge accounting if we forward hedge against forecast debt, i. e. the underlying debt is not yet drawn, but anticipated to be drawn, so there is a risk of being overhedged, could we still achieve hedge accounting?
I saw you double entries for hedge item only for fair value hedge. For effective cashflow hedge, means there is not necessary to retranslate hedge item at closing rate and difference posted to P&L?
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